Peer-reviewed journal "Gigiena i sanitariya"
Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman
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Modern approaches to assessing biofouling of materials and equipment used in drinking water supply
Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the top ten threats to global health. Close contact between bacteria in biofilms facilitates horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. This results in higher selection pressure on bacteria compared to planktonic forms. The impossibility of handling tap water directly inside the pipe forces us to pay attention to the adhesive properties of materials additionally introduced into the electrical wiring and methods for assessing biofouling. Materials and methods. The water pipe samples were tested according to MU 2.1.4.2898–11. Biofouling processes on water pipe samples made of various materials were studied under static conditions. The total number of microorganisms was determined in accordance with GOST 34786–2021. Results. The obtained results indicate that significant differences in microbiological indicators of water quality should be expected. It can be assumed that the greatest tendency to biofouling will be materials of composite nature. At the same time, studies conducted in other countries show different results regarding biofouling, which, by the way, indicates to the inadequacy of conclusions based only on the method we use. Limitations. The study was conducted on six water pipe samples under standard conditions. Experiments should be conducted under conditions closer to the operating conditions of these materials, simulating water flow and under longer-term contact conditions. Conclusion. Increasing the number of analyzed drinking water quality indicators, as well as the procedure for identifying new opportunistic microorganisms associated with antibiotic resistance, will likely lead to greater economic costs than testing water supply elements and systems for biofouling of newly commissioned equipment. Thus, the above arguments support the study of biofouling assessment methods and their introduction into routine practice, including from the point of view of the importance of combating antibiotic resistance. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee. Contribution: Alekseeva A.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing; Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing; Stratan G.S. — writing the text, collecting material and processing data; Malysheva A.G. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 21, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Detection of unauthorized wastewater discharge into a surface water body using infrared thermography
Introduction. The relevance of this study is due to sanitary and hygienic risks associated with anthropogenic pollution of surface waters, especially in sanitary protection zones (SPZ) of drinking water sources. Disruption of the thermal regime of water bodies promotes the growth of pathogenic microflora. The use of infrared thermography as a remote monitoring method can significantly improve the efficiency of sanitary and hygienic water monitoring. Objective. To substantiate and test a method for detecting unauthorized wastewater discharge into surface watercourses using thermal imaging equipment with subsequent bacteriological verification. Materials and methods. The study used thermograms and water samples from the coastal zone of the Don River within sanitary protection zones (SPZ) boundaries. Thermal imaging was conducted using portable and remote devices, including the Doogee V20 Pro (InfiRay) and DJI Mavic 3 Thermal. Bacteriological analysis (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis) was carried out in accordance with MU 4.2.3690–21, while sample transport and storage followed GOST R 59024–2020. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05). Results. Thermal inspection of the Don River delta revealed coastal areas where water temperature exceeded background levels by ≥3 °C. These locations showed more than fivefold exceedances of total coliforms, E. coli, and E. faecalis concentrations. The calculated expanded uncertainty (±0.85 °C, p = 95%) confirmed the reliability of these differences. A correlation was found between thermal anomalies and microbiological indicators, indicating two likely sources of unauthorized discharge. Limitations. The developed approach allows identifying potential sources of unauthorized wastewater discharge into surface waters associated with sanitary and bacteriological exceeds. Conclusion. The practical value of infrared thermography has been confirmed by field studies. The method proved effective as an auxiliary tool for the rapid detection of unauthorized discharges and enhancing the effectiveness of sanitary and hygienic water monitoring. Compliance with ethical standards. The study did not require approval from a biomedical ethics committee or other documentation. Contributions: Kalyuzhin A.S. – study design, data analysis, manuscript writing, manuscript editing; Morozova M.A. – study design, manuscript editing; Zamaraev V.S. – manuscript editing; Sinitsyna O.O. – data analysis, manuscript writing, manuscript editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: June 17, 2025 / Revised: July 22, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Problems and prospects of standardization of molybdenum in soil
Introduction. Rationing of chemicals in the soil is one of the promising and challenging areas in hygiene. Currently, there is no approved standard for the molybdenum content in the soil in the Russian Federation. As studies in recent years have shown, molybdenum can be a massive soil pollutant, especially in places of its man-made emissions, and its excessive content in the soil can lead to adverse consequences for human health. The purpose of the study. To determine the prospects and problems of molybdenum rationing in soil based on the literature data and own research data. Materials and methods. Literature sources on the effects of molybdenum on the environment and public health were studied using the following databases in the literature search: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI. Field studies were conducted on the molybdenum content in the soil for various purposes in the Kurchatov, Kursk region and in Yarovoye, Altai Territory. Results. The levels of molybdenum in the soil of a city with a developed chemical industry have been established to exceed the levels of molybdenum in the soil of a city with a nuclear industry by more than 2 times. The concentration coefficient of the chemical substance (Kc) molybdenum in the studied territories exceeds 1, which can significantly affect the total soil pollution index. The molybdenum content in the studied territories was also found to exceed the standards established in other countries. It is shown that without creating a single standard for the molybdenum content in the soil, it is impossible to assess the quality and safety of both soils and products grown in areas potentially contaminated with molybdenum. The need to improve the methodological base on laboratory methods for the determination of molybdenum in soil was also noted. Limitations. The studies were conducted on soils selected from two territories with developed nuclear and chemical industries, and did not affect territories with other sources of pollution. Conclusion. The creation of a hygienically sound standard for the maximum permissible concentration of molybdenum in the soil makes it possible to objectively identify both the sources of pollution and the possibility of assessing its advers impact on the population. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission to a biomedical ethics committee or other documents. Contribution: Evseeva I.S. – concept and design of research, collection of material and data processing, text writing, editing; Ushakova O.V. – concept and design of the study, writing, editing; Kamenetskaya D.B. – collection of material and data processing, text writing, editing; Yudin S.M. – research concept, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of a state assignment. Received: July 26, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Assessment of anthropogenic pollution of snow cover in the area of the location of the new aluminum production facility
Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the aero-technogenic load on new territories adjacent to the production zones of the aluminum industry. Research objective. To assess the content of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons in snow cover using the example of various districts of the city of Tayshet. Materials and methods. Snow geochemical survey, atomic absorption spectrometry; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ecological-geochemical and statistical methods. Results. The chemical elements determining the geochemical specificity of emissions identified in the snow samples were divided into the following classes: I – Pb, Hg, Cd; II – Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni; III – Zn, Mn. The median values of heavy metals (HM) were determined in the range of 0.03–111.0; 0.11–102.5 and 0.14–137.0 µg/L for the residential, recreational, and industrial zones, respectively. ΣPAHs ranged from 177 ng/L (T. 5 – recreational zone) to 3526.0 ng/L (T. 9 industrial zone), with a predominance of 4–6-nuclear PAHs (67.0%). The proportion of carcinogenic PAHs in the study increases from the residential (26.1%) to the conditionally industrial (48.9%) zone. The levels of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) were determined in the concentration range of 21.0–60.0 µg/L. Limitations. One potential limitation of this study is the lack of data on the concentrations of contaminants at environmental sources. Conclusion. The levels of PAH, PH, and HM pollution in the area were low to medium. The characteristic features of the PAH composition under the influence of technogenic emissions were determined. The highest values of the sum of the PAH accumulation factors were noted in areas with multi-story buildings (T. 11 – 67.98) and in the area of aluminum production near checkpoint #7 (T. 9 – 44.51); the indicator of the total HM pollution Zc (46.29 and 65.02) near checkpoint #7 (T. 9) and treatment facilities (T. 5), respectively. The obtained results of the study can be used to predict the technogenic impact on the environment. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the Biomedical ethics committee or other documents. Contribution: Zhurba O.M. – concept and design of the study, search for literature sources, data processing, field work, writing the text; Rukavishnikov V.S. – scientific consulting, relevance, discussion; Shayakhmetov S.F. – concept and design of the study, organization of the study, editing, discussion; Merinov A.V. – collection of literature data, laboratory work, statistical processing, field work, writing; Alekseenko A.N. – collection and processing of material, field work, laboratory research. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The work was performed within the framework of funds allocated for the implementation of the state task East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research. Received: July 16, 2025 / Revised: September 5, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Dependence of drinking water quality on the trophic status of the drinking water source
Introduction. Due to the climate change and increased anthropogenic impact, a gain in the number of eutrophic water bodies is expected, which may affect the quality of drinking water. Currently, the hygienic assessment conducted for selection of domestic and drinking water sources neglect their ecological state. The aim of the study. To compare the composition of water in the water source with that of treated water using various trophicity and pollution criteria. Materials and methods. We have analyzed physicochemical characteristics of surface and treated water in different seasons over a three-year period. The trophicity and pollution of the water source were assessed in accordance with the criteria available in literature. We used the canonical discriminant analysis to evaluate the forecast for assigning quality and safety indicators of the water source to trophicity and pollution types. Results. We revealed seasonal changes in the levels of nitrogen forms and dissolved oxygen in the water source. We also established the seasonal excess of maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) for BOD5 (1.5 times), COD (1.1 to 3.8 times), and dissolved oxygen (2.0 to 2.9 times) in the water source and for permanganate index (1.1 to 2.0 times) and turbidity (1.2 to 2.6 times) in treated water. The trophic status of the water source was oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic; the pollution level varied from very clean to dirty. In case of oligotrophy of the water source, the permanganate index in drinking water demonstrated a 1.1-fold excess of the MAC. The ecological type of water source characterized as very clean (in terms of mineral nitrogen) or oligotrophic (in terms of BOD5) did not meet the established criteria for water quality and safety. Limitations. This study has no limitations. Conclusion. The system of water quality and safety assessment should include trophicity indicators and components associated with biological processes occurring in water sources. Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents. Contribution: Khlystov I.A., Gurvich V.B. – study conception and design, draft manuscript preparation and editing, bibliography compilation and referencing; Kharkova P.K., Novoseltseva E.E., Samylkin A.A. – data processing, bibliography compilation and referencing; Shtin T.N., Kondakova L.V. – data collection and processing; Sakhautdinova R.R. – draft manuscript preparation and editing; Shevchik A.A. – statistical data analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Acknowledgment. The authors express their gratitude to V.G. Panov, the senior researcher of the Department of toxicology and bioprophylaxis for help in statistical processing of data. Received: July 7, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Risks for oncological pathology in territories of the location of carcinogenic enterprises
Introduction. The problem of malignant neoplasms is particularly pressing for industrial cities, whose populations are exposed to air pollution by numerous carcinogens. The aim. To assess the potential and realized risk of developing malignant neoplasms associated with chemical exposure to carcinogens for the population of industrial centers. Materials and Methods. Data from laboratory air quality monitoring in industrial cities for 1991–2024 were used to assess the potential risk. The realized carcinogenic risk associated with air pollution was estimated by calculating the relative risk. Indices from areas with low levels of exposure to carcinogens were selected as background values. Results. Individual carcinogenic risk is assessed as unacceptable for the population; the highest levels (more than 1E–04) are typical for Irkutsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov, and Angarsk. The population risk rank order depends not only on population size but also the composition of pollutants. The incidence rate in the Irkutsk region is 1.2 times higher than the Russian Federation average, and the mortality rate is 1.3 times higher. The highest RR incidence rates were observed in cities with accumulated damage from previous activities and in cities with chemical industry enterprises. Limitations. The specific features of malignant neoplasms during the COVID-19 pandemic are not considered. Personalized risk factors are not taken into account. Conclusion. About 65% of city residents are exposed to unacceptable carcinogenic risk. Industrial centers that house carcinogenically hazardous enterprises, both currently and in the past, have the highest rates of cancer incidence and mortality. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents. Contribution: Efimova N.V. – the concept and design of the study, processing of material, writing text, editing; Rukavishnikov V.S. – research concept, writing of the text; Mylnikova I.V. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text; Bobkova E.V. – collection of material and statistical processing, writing of text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: September 24, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Micro- and nanoplastics: origin, sources of intake and impact on human health (literature review)
This review aims to consolidate information on the mechanisms of interaction between microplastics and living organisms and analyze the impact of these processes on health. For this review, relevant scientific reports were found through an online search in the bibliographic resources Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Accumulated scientific research convincingly demonstrates micro- and nanoplastics to represent an increasingly serious problem for the environment and human health, requiring a comprehensive and multifaceted consideration. Their widespread occurrence in natural systems and the human body and their unique physicochemical properties, distinguish them as an emerging pollutant that can have a significant adverse impact on various organs and systems, including the endocrine, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. Despite the progress made in their study, significant gaps in understanding remain, especially with regard to the mechanisms of toxic effects, the effects of long-term exposure and interactions with other chemical compounds. Conclusion. There is a need to intensify scientific research, develop better detection methods and implement effective strategies to reduce adverse impacts at both local and global levels. There is also emphasized the need to develop effective public policies, update regulations, improve environmental awareness and revise consumption patterns, which will reduce plastic production and promote the development of a circular economy. Only through concerted action by governments, industry, the scientific community, and citizens will it be possible to effectively address this problem, ensuring the protection of human health and the preservation of the planet. Contribution: Lukin A.A. — writing the article; Gazeev I.R. — review concept; Gizatova N.V. — compiling a summary, literary processing; Latypova G.F. — data processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 7, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Hygienic aspects of the exposure to chemical and physical environmental factors on reproductive health in men of fertile age (literature review)
Reduced fertility in men of reproductive age due to the multi-stage nature, duration, and increased vulnerability of spermatogenesis to effects of environmental factors, primarily chemical and physical ones, is a pressing problem of hygiene and preventive medicine. To identify key areas of development and improvement of the methodology for solving this scientific problem, first of all, it is necessary to systematize knowledge in the field of studying patterns and characteristics of effects produced by environmental exposures on reproductive potential. In this review there are reflected hygienic aspects of effects produced by chemical and physical factors on reproductive health in men, which have been presented in scientific practice over the last twenty five years. The subject of this review was materials found in Russian and international scientometric databases (eLIBRARY, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus) and scientific societies and associations of the Russian Federation containing information on peculiar effects produced by chemical and physical environmental factors on reproductive health (160 reports). By now, direct and indirect effects produced by chemical and physical factors on male reproductive health have been established, characterized by morphological and functional disorders of the reproductive system itself or indirect induction of a cascade of oxidative, inflammatory, and other in the body, the pathogenetic mechanisms of which can disrupt the reproductive function at various levels of its regulation through the endocrine, immune, nervous, cardiovascular, and other systems. Despite the existing general scientific achievements in this research area, difficulties and limitations have been identified as regards effects on fertility produced not only by chemical and physical factors or their combined effects but also lifestyle, bad habits, infectious and chronic diseases. This complicates the process of substantiating the true determinant. Systematization of patterns and identification of peculiar direct and indirect influence of environmental factors, primarily chemical and physical ones, on reproductive health provides a more detailed insight into pathogenetic mechanisms of their impact and allows increasing effectiveness of early diagnosis and targeted correction of identified male fertility disorders. This is critically important for maintaining and strengthening reproductive health of the country’s population and ensuring sustainable demographic development of the state. Contribution: Zemlyanova M.A. — study design and editing the text; Koldibekova J.V. — data collection and analysis, writing the text; Kamenskikh D.M. — data collection and analysis, writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: September 21, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Contribution of polymorphic variants of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes to the development of disorders of the nerve structure in patients with vibration syndrome
Introduction. Preliminary results indicate to the association of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes polymorphic variants with changes in the nerve structure in patients with vibration syndrome. Those results were the basis to conduct the present study on a sample of patients with hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) with the involvement of a control group. The aim of the study. To establish the contribution of GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes polymorphic variants in the development of nerve structure disorders in HAVS patients and characterize intergene interactions. Materials and methods. Polymorphic variants of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 (Ile105Val and Ala114Val) genes in one hundred seventy one man (89 HAVS patients and 82 control individuals) were studied by PCR-RT method. The structure of peripheral nerves was assessed using high-resolution ultrasonography and the results were expressed as the cross-sectional area (CSA). The MDR 3.0.2 software was used to assess of interactions polymorphic variants of GST genes. Results. An increase of nerve structure parameters was found in HAVS patients relative to the control group despite the absence of age differences. Carriers of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes deletion variants had a higher CSAmax of the median nerve (p = 0.015 and p = 0.008, respectively) compared with carriers of the genotype without the deletion among HAVS patients. Analysis of polymorphic variants interactions of GST genes made it possible to establish the Ile105Val GSTP1 gene polymorphism to have the greatest influence on the probability of developing structure of the median nerve disorders while the Ala114Val GSTP1 gene polymorphism makes a greater contribution to entropy. Limitations. Limitations include the small number of examined individuals, lack of analysis of electrophysiological changes and gene-environment interactions. Conclusion. The final phenotypic outcome (change in nerve structure) is determined not so much by individual risk-associated of genes polymorphic variants, but by the balance of the entire set of glutathione-S-transferase genes, which may explain the lack of strong individual relationships in the analysis. Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the East Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (Protocol No. 5 of March 21, 2023). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study. Contribution: Chernyak Yu.I. – concept and study design, sample collection, implementation of methods and data analysis, final statistical data analysis, text writing and editing; Zueva Ya.I. – study design, sample collection, implementation of methods and data analysis, final statistical data analysis, text writing and editing; Lakhman O.L. – text editing. All authors are responsible for the integrate of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study was supported within a framework of State Assignment for East Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (No. 123032000007-8). Received: September 12, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Occupational factors and health status in railway wagon inspectors and repairmen
Introduction. One of the leading and most in-demand occupations in the railway industry is that of car inspectors and repairers, whose work involves heavy physical exertion, increased noise levels, and emotional stress. The purpose of the study. To study of working conditions and their impact on the health in railway car inspectors and repairers. Materials and methods. Time studies were conducted, and measurements of harmful production factors were made at workplaces and their harmful effects were assessed. The prevalence was studied. Results. The conducted scientific research has shown the inspectors-repairers of wagons to have a general assessment of working conditions in terms of the severity of the work process, which corresponds to class 3.3, and in terms of the intensity of work, which corresponds to class 3.2. The noise levels at the workplaces are 75–88 dBA, while the permissible values are not higher than 80 dBA. The levels of general morbidity, morbidity with temporary disability (VUT), and primary disability significantly exceed the average values for the industry. Limitations. Scientific research was conducted at the Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Lyublino, Perovo, and Bekasovo stations of the Moscow Railway and at the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, and Orsk stations of the South Ural Railway. Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, the overall assessment of working conditions was established to corresponds to class 3.3. There was identified an adverse impact of harmful occupation factors on health, with an increased prevalence compared to the industry average and cases of occupational diseases. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study. Contribution: Ovechkina Zh.V. – research concept, collection and processing of material, editing; Kotlyar L.M. – collection and processing of material, statistical data processing, writing of the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: June 3, 2025 / Revised: August 4, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
The association between cognitive impairments in patients with vibration disease with the content of cytokines, neurotrophins, and antibodies to nervous tissue proteins
Introduction. In the era of the modern technological industry, the study of the pathogenesis of occupational diseases of the nervous system is of great medical and social importance. At the same time, the social and occupational adaptation in patients determines, among other things, the state of the cognitive sphere. To date, the regulatory relationships between cytokines, antibodies (AB) to nerve tissue proteins and neurotrophins, which will allow tracing pathological failures in the psycho-emotional sphere in patients with vibration disease (VD), depending on the presence or absence of cognitive impairments (CI), have not been sufficiently studied. Materials and methods. Serum cytokine (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay; dopamine, BDNF, CNTF. Determination of IgG class AB directed to nerve tissue proteins: S-100, GFAP, MBM, NF-200, V-dep. Ca-channel, ACh-R, Glu-R, GABA-R, DA-R, Ser-R, M-OR, B-end. Results. In VD patients, regardless of the presence or absence of cognitive disorders, there is a proinflammatory tendency of changes in the cytokine profile (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), an increase in dopamine, BDNF and CNTF levels, in the production of neuronal ABs to nerve tissue proteins (S-100, MBM, NF-200, V-dep. Ca-channel, ACh-R, Glu-R, GABA-R, DA-R, Ser-R, M-OR, B-end). At the same time, differences in regulatory relationships between cytokines, neuronal Abs, and neurotrophins have been established in patients with and without VD and CI. Limitations. Small groups of patients. Conclusion. Impaired cytokine regulation of the neuroautoimmune response may indicate a more pronounced neuroimmunoinflammatory response in patients suffered from VD burdened with CI. Compliance with ethical standards. During the study were observed the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association “Ethical Principles for Conducting Scientific Medical Research with Human Participation” (2024), with the signing of informed consent to participate in the study. There is a conclusion of the Local Ethics Committee of the FSBSI ESIMER (protocol No. 5 dated 21.03.2023). Contribution: Naumova O.V. — collection and processing of material, writing of text, editing; Bodienkova G.M. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material, writing of text, editing; Boklazhenko E.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing of text; Shevchenko O.I. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing of text; All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The work was performed within the framework of funds allocated for the implementation of the state task East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research. Received: June 5, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Justification of the optimal set of diagnostic methods for examining the cardiovascular system of electric train drivers who have had COVID-19
Introduction. Employees in the transportation industry are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease, influenced by factors including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Using instrumental, clinical, laboratory diagnostic methods provides an informative way to comprehensively diagnose of the cardiovascular system functional state, which is important for identifying early markers of disease. Materials and Methods. Ninety electric train drivers (average age 41.0±6.0 years) were examined: 65 had had SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first and second quarters of 2022, while 25 served as the control group. The study included medical histories, anthropometrics, lipid profiles, ultrasounds, and functional diagnostics. The data were analyzed by the COVID-19 severity and blood pressure levels. Results. Elevated blood pressure was detected in 58.5% of patients. Of those, 60.9% had impaired left ventricular relaxation, 42.4% had increased vascular resistance, and 52.2% and 30.4% had extravascular and intravascular carotid artery dilation, respectively. No arrhythmias, ischemia, or abnormal heart rates were detected. Obese drivers were more likely to have hypertension. Employees over 40 years of age have a 7.5% higher risk of cardiovascular events. Limitations. There are quantitative limitations due to the number of train drivers with COVID-19. Conclusions. To determine cardiovascular pathology, significant parameters included not only clinical data and blood pressure indicator values, but also linear dimensions and diastolic left ventricular function, as well as vascular resistance index at extracranial and intracranial levels. While the study of the brachiocephalic arteries is recommended as a mandatory method for identifying markers of cardiovascular disease in electric train drivers who have recovered from COVID-19. Compliance with ethical standards. This study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (extract from Protocol No. 1 dated 16.02.2022). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study. Contribution: Gerasimidi S.K. – research concept, collection and processing of material, writing of the text; Glukhov D.V. – research concept and design; Eremeeva A.G. – statistical processing of the material, text editing; Kalinina S.A. – literature review, text editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 24, 2053 / Revised: August 6, 2053 / Accepted: October 15, 2053 / Published: November 14, 2025
Current issues of the development of specialized food products for dietary preventive and dietary therapeutic nutrition based on cow colostrum
A balanced diet creates conditions for the physiological development in children, maintaining public health, and improving the quality and longevity of life. One of the possible ways to normalize the diet of the population is the development and production of specialized food products (SFP) for dietary preventive and dietary therapeutic nutrition. The review examines current research on the development, quality, and safety of SFP made on the basis of cow colostrum (CC). The purpose of the study. Study of issues of development, assessment of quality and safety of SFP based on CC. The paper uses theoretical research methods for assessing the compliance of SFP based on CC with mandatory requirements. The objects of the research were full-text documents of legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, the EAEU and other countries, sources of scientific literature from electronic databases (e-library, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science) in the field of production and conformity assessment of SFP based on CC, as well as materials from our own long-term research. Information about the distinctive features of SFP based on CC is provided, and aspects of the quality and safety of these products are disclosed. Conclusion. The physicochemical properties of colostrum, its composition and biological value, including the content of immunoglobulins, growth factors, vitamins, and minerals, were analyzed. The specifics of the production of such products, their impact on consumer health, possible risks and benefits are discussed. Attention is paid to assessing the conformity of products with mandatory quality and safety requirements. A conclusion is formulated about the prospects for further development of research and practical application of CC-based products as SFP. Contribution: Kuzmin S.V. — scientific guidance; Setko A.G. — editing, collection, analysis, processing of materials, systematization and generalization of data from literary sources; Maizel S.G. — editing, collection, analysis of materials; Yuskina O.N. — editing, concept and design of review and analytical research, collection of material and processing data from literary sources. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 15, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Features of the management of nutrition in persons working in conditions of a heating microclimate (literature review)
introduction. The article discusses the nutritional features when working in a heating microclimate, including the effect of high temperatures on the physiological functions of the body, energy metabolism, and water-electrolyte balance. Modern scientific data on the role of macro- and micronutrients, as well as strategies for replenishing physiological needs to maintain perfTormance and health are analyzed. The purpose of the study. To study the physiological needs for nutrients and hydration when working in a heating microclimate and develop recommendations for optimizing the diet to maintain performance and health. A systematic scientific review of studies in Russian and English was conducted using the information portals eLIBRARY.ru, Science Direct, PubMed, including studies of the effect of high temperatures on the human body, energy metabolism, and water-electrolyte balance. The data from studies conducted at the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman on the role of macro- and micronutrients in nutrition in a heating microclimate, as well as hydration strategies, were used. It has been established that in conditions of a heating microclimate, energy metabolism shifts towards carbohydrate metabolism, and the loss of fluid and electrolytes requires increased attention to hydration. Conclusion. The conducted analysis of literary sources and materials of scientific research conducted at the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman allowed substantiating the principles and recommendations for the development of a diet adapted to the conditions of a heating microclimate to maintain an optimal level of hydration and provide the body of workers with the necessary nutrients. The optimal diet should include easily digestible carbohydrates, a moderate amount of protein and fats, as well as vitamins and minerals. Recommendations have been developed for compiling a diet and a nutritional regimen when working in conditions of a heating microclimate. Contribution: Setko A.G. – concept and design of the review, writing the text; Rusakov V.N. – collection and processing of material, writing the text; editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: August 4, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Genome instability and cell death under the action of the fungicide from the phthalimide class on human lymphocytes in vitro
Introduction. The studies of captan genotoxicity in vitro show inconsistent findings, suggesting both the presence and absence of its capacity to induce DNA damage. The specific types of DNA lesions caused by captan remain unclear. The aim of this work. To study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of captan using the enzyme-modified DNA-comet assay, along with an assessment of different forms of cell death in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Materials and methods. Genotoxic effects of captan were studied in vitro on human lymphocytes using a modified protocol of the DNA-comet technique that included the treatment of gel slides with DNA repair enzymes (APE1, Fpg, ENDO III (Nth), USER III, OGG1, hAAG1, and T4 PDG). Analysis of lymphocyte death forms in response to captan exposure was carried out using an automated fluorescent cell analyzer. Results. Study of the trend in DNA lesion accumulation revealed a statistically significant increase in the DNA damage levels compared to the concurrent controls after incubation of lymphocytes for 15–120 minutes with captan at the concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation. The effect was found to depend on the pesticide concentration and the incubation time. Analysis of the types of DNA alterations using a modified DNA-comet assay revealed that, in addition to DNA strand breaks, oxidized bases, AP-sites, and uracil are also formed after captan exposure in vitro. Treatment of lymphocytes with captan resulted in cytotoxic effects characterized by a statistically significant decrease in viable cell proportions, increase in fractions of early and late apoptotic cells, and necrosis. These effects were dependent on the concentration of captan and exposure duration. After 3 hours of exposure to 25 µg/mL captan, the total proportion of apoptotic cells reached 57%, the proportion of necrotic cells was 6%, and the level of viable lymphocytes was 37%. Limitations. The study focuses exclusively on assessing the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of captan. Conclusion. In vitro exposure of captan induces to the formation of DNA breaks, oxidized bases, AP-sites, and cytosine deamination. Apoptosis was the predominated type of lymphocyte death due to the effect of captan in vitro. Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene. F.F. Erisman” of Rospotrebnadzor (Protocol No. 1, September 29, 2020). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study. Contribution: Egorova O.V. – concept and design of the study; collecting and processing of material; analysis of the results; writing the text; Kotnova A.P., Gorenskaya O.V., Averianova N.S. – the collection and processing of material; Ilyushina N.A. – concept and design of the study; analysis of the results; writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of state assignment (No. 121090800086-7). Received: August 7, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Experimental study of the mechanism of action and comparative assessment of the toxicity of zinc-containing nano- and microparticles under subacute inhalation exposure
Introduction. Zinc-containing nanoparticles in oxides, alloys with copper (brass), aluminum, magnesium, and other metals are produced in large volumes and applied in many spheres. This increases likelihood of exposure to them for the general population thereby creating elevated risks of new or more pronounced adverse effects in comparison with those produced by exposure to their micro-sized analogues. The aim of this study. To analyze pathways specificity and comparatively assess toxicity of zinc-containing nanoparticles against micro-sized ones upon experimental sub-acute inhalation exposure exemplified by ZnO. Materials and methods. We comparatively assessed chemical and physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and microsized particles (MPs), peculiarities of their biological distribution, accumulation, and toxic effects upon sub-acute inhalation exposure in the concentration equal to 0.5 mg/m3 in an experiment on rats. Results. ZnO NPs and MPs have similar chemical composition but there is a huge difference (up to one million times) in physical properties. Due to it, NPs accumulate in a wider range of organs in higher concentrations (up to 1.3 times higher). NPs produce more pronounced (up to 2.5 times more against MPs) changes in biochemical and hematological indices of blood. We identified more pronounced pathomorphological changes in the brain, lungs, and the liver. The rats exposed to NPs tended to have change in behavioral response (1.5 times against those exposed to MPs). Limitations. The study involved only sub-acute inhalation exposure simulated for female Wistar rats. Conclusion. ZnO NPs and MPs have very different physical properties; NP peculiarities determine a wider range of organs for biodistribution and more intensive bioaccumulation. Exposure to NPs produces more pronounced adverse effects such as oxidative stress, cytolysis, inhibited thrombocytopoiesis, disrupted urea synthesis, imbalance of neuromediators, dysproteinemia; disrupted circulation in lung and brain tissues, inflammatory changes in liver parenchyma; developing stress reactions. Our findings allow developing more effective scientifically grounded preventive measures aimed at minimizing health risks upon airborne exposure to zinc-containing nanomaterials. Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in conformity with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and requirements of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the Meeting Protocol No. 3 dated February 14, 2023). Contributions: Zaitseva N.V. — study concept and design; Zemlyanova М.А. — data analysis and editing the text; Stepankov М.S. — data collection and analysis, writing the text; Pustovalova О.V. — data collection and analysis; Nikolaeva А.Е. — data collection and analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study was funded from the Federal Budget. Received: July 22, 2025 / Revised: August 29, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Attenuation of adverse effects of lead exposure against background of the physical load in a subchronic experiment
Introduction. Occupational lead exposure poses danger due to large economic losses mainly associated with a decrease in working life expectancy. It is common knowledge that physical activity, which is inherent to working conditions in metallurgy, can affect poisoning in different ways, including enhancing it. Objective. To substantiate and test a bioprophylactic complex (BPC) aimed at increasing the resistance of the organism to moderate lead intoxication combined with moderate physical activity in an animal experiment. Materials and methods. Lead poisoning was modeled on outbred male rats by intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate to the exposure groups in a total dose of 198 mg/kg body weight during 6 weeks. Control animals received saline in a similar volume. Physical activity was modeled using a small rodent treadmill. Some animals were also administered a special BPC which included the following components: enterosorbent – apple pectin, membrane stabilizer – glutamic acid, lead antagonist calcium in combination with vitamin D3, magnesium, potassium, iodine, and some antioxidants – Omega-3, vitamin C, rutin, acetylcysteine, and others. Results. Physical exercise itself did not affect the parameters under study but aggravated toxic effects of lead when combined: anemia worsened and, the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa rose (without a decrease in their viability, however). Administration of the bioprophylactic complex mitigated the adverse effects mentioned above. Limitations. The study was limited to using laboratory animals of the same sex and age. Conclusion. The developed complex can serve as an auxiliary tool aimed at reducing health risks to individuals occupationally exposed to lead compounds and physical work. Compliance with ethical standards. The experiment was approved by the local Bioethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No.8 of 27.02.2020). Contribution: Minigalieva I.A. — data analysis, draft manuscript preparation, editing; Sutunkova M.P. — study conception and design; Nikogosyan K.M. — data collection, draft manuscript preparation, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: June 17, 2025 / Revised: July 17, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Testing a method for determining sulfanilamide antimicrobial agents in water using high-performance liquid chromatography on a diode array detector
Introduction. Sulfonamides are used in medicine and veterinary as antimicrobial agents to treat a wide range of infections. Long-term use of sulfonamides in health care and veterinary practice has led to these chemicals penetrating natural water objects from sewage waters. Occurrence of sulfonamides in water for drinking and household use creates a potential health risk. Identification of sulfonamides in water, including drinking water, is a relevant task. The aim of this study. To test the methodology for identifying sulfonamides in water by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Materials and methods. The research objects were represented by samples of natural waters, sewage waters, and water from a swimming pool. Sulfonamide contents were established in water samples by using high performance liquid chromatography. Water samples were prepared for analysis by using solid phase extraction. Quantification was accomplished by absolute calibration. The matrix effect was estimated by comparing the slope angle of calibration curves created with the use of various water types. Results. The matrix effect estimations confirmed insignificant influence exerted by water matrices of different types on establishing calibration characteristics, and results of analyzing sulfonamide contents in water by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The analyzed agents were found in 80% of the analyzed samples. Out of nine identified compounds, eight analytes were found in the samples in levels below safe standards. Sulfathiazole was no found in any sample. Limitations. Limitations are related to a very small number of analyzed samples taken over a short period. Conclusion. High performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detecting in ultraviolet light and preliminary solid phase concentration is sufficient for using as a method alternative to HPLC/MS. It has yielded satisfactory results and can be recommended for identifying sulfonamide contacts in variable water samples. Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion. Contributions: Zaitseva N.V. — study concept and design; Nurislamova Т.V. — consulting, editing the text; Karnazhitskaya Т.D. — data collection and analysis, writing the text; Starchikova М.О. — data collection and analysis; Permyakova Т.S. — data collection and analysis; Abdullina L.Sh. — data collection and analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 23, 2025 / Revised: August 26, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Possibilities of application of DNA Comet Assay (literature review)
To ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, it is necessary to monitor the state of the environment. Today, there is a wide range of methods available for identifying factors that can adversly affect human health, including those capable of disrupting genetic structures in cells. One of the key tools in genotoxicology that enables the assessment of DNA damage at the level of individual cells is the comet assay. Since its introduction in the 1980s, this method has undergone significant modifications aimed at increasing its sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of application. This review outlines the principles and basic protocols of the method, discusses modifications of the classical comet assay; methods for improving detection capability of different types of DNA damage and assessment of repair processes. A search for relevant studies published in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Russian Research Citation Index, for the period 1984–2024 was performed. The review includes information from forty seven full-text sources. Conclusion. The DNA comet assay is becoming an increasingly in-demand tool in research aimed at ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, identifying environmental and industrial factors dangerous to the genetic health of the population, assessing the individual sensitivity of human cells to genotoxicants to determine risk groups and implement preventive measures. The development of new protocols involving DNA repair enzymes specific to particular types of damage, along with the use of fluorescent dyes, allows evaluating DNA damage and repair processes. The use of cryopreservation of whole blood and lymphocytes for subsequent DNA analysis enables large-scale, long-term epidemiological studies. Automating comet assay analysis using deep learning methods will improve the accuracy of identifying DNA damage types, which is essential for clarifying the mechanisms of action of specific substances. Contribution: Gorenskaya O.V. – data collection and analysis, writing and editing the text; Demidova Yu.V. – data collection; Kotnova A.P. – data collection; Ilyushina N.A. – the study concept and design, data collection and analysis, writing and editing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. 121090800086-7. Received: June 30, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Three-components biotesting system for assessing the sanitary and chemical safety of drinking water and drinking water sources
Introduction. The use of multiple bioassays integrated into a bioassessment system can enhance the reliability and informativeness of evaluation results of toxicity for water samples. The purpose of the work. To evaluate the effectiveness of a three-component bioassay system for assessing the sanitary and chemical safety of drinking water and drinking water sources. Materials and Methods. This study examined samples of drinking water and water sources of drinking water supply collected in the Saratov region. The sanitary safety of the water samples was evaluated using forty five physicochemical indices. Simultaneously, sample toxicity was assessed via biotesting using a three-component bioassay system. Results. Physicochemical analysis revealed that 56 out of 69 water samples did not comply with the hygienic standards established by SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. According to the results of biotesting, 53 samples exhibited toxic effects on one or more test organisms. Among these, 45 samples also showed exceedances of the regulatory limits for physicochemical indices, while 8 did not. Compared to the use of individual biotests, the combined application of three biotests within a three-components biotesting system demonstrated an effectiveness of 80% in detecting non-compliant samples, as identified by physicochemical analysis. Limitations. The study is limited by the requirement for specialized equipment. Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of bioassays for assessing the sanitary and chemical safety of drinking water and water from drinking water sources significantly to increase when test organisms are combined into a three-components system, compared to the use of individual bioassays. Compliance with ethical standards. Study approval was provided by the Local Ethics Committee of the Saratov Hygiene Medical Research Center of the FBSI "FSC Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies" (meeting protocol No. 18 dated September 1, 2022) and was conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (2013 revision). Contribution: Erdniev L.P. – the concept and design of the study, editing, collection of material, writing text; Mikerov A.N. – editing; Kuzyanov D.A. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing; Moiseeva Ye.M. – editing; Gusev Yu.S. – statistical processing, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: July 22, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
Alfred V. Molkov’s activities in the field of public health education (on the 155th anniversary of his birth)
2025 marks the 155th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding hygienist, scientist, and teacher Alfred Vladislavovich Molkov, who made a significant contribution to the development of various preventive areas in Russian healthcare. Considering these circumstances, this study set a goal to analyze the role and contribution of A.V. Molkov in the development of health education of the population in Russia. To achieve the purpose of the study, bibliographic, historical, analytical, and logical methods were used. Primary material about the activities of Alfred Vladislavovich in the field of health education of the population was obtained from publications located in the Russian State Library, the Central Scientific Medical Library, the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU and the Scientific Electronic Library CyberLeninka. Health education among the population of A.V. Molkov considered it a social and hygienic task, closely related to the problem of cultural education of the masses; he called for the effectiveness of sanitary educational work, for the struggle for the education of hygienic skills among the population and the involvement of workers in carrying out simple health-improving measures. When developing methods of health education, Alfred Vladislavovich paid special attention to the content and scientific validity of the knowledge being popularized. Conclusion. In the course of his labor activity, A.V. Molkov made a significant contribution to the development of health education of the population in our country, convincingly proving its role in disease prevention. The postulates substantiated by him should be used by specialists in the field of preventive and clinical medicine when motivating citizens to maintain a healthy lifestyle in modern conditions. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding. The study had no sponsorship. Received: August 31, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025
In memory of Yuri P. Pivovarov (20.10.1936 – 29.10.2025)
Ушёл из жизни Юрий Петрович Пивоваров – выдающийся российский учёный-гигиенист и микробиолог, академик РАН, почётный заведующий кафедрой гигиены педиатрического факультета ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России.
In memory of Viktor S. Rukavishnikov (06.08.1949 – 23.10.2025)
23 октября 2025 г. в возрасте 76 лет ушёл из жизни Виктор Степанович Рукавишников – один из ведущих учёных-гигиенистов, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор.