Цитомный анализ: современный универсальный инструмент медико-биологических и эколого-гигиенических исследований (обзор литературы). Часть 1

Понимание связи злокачественного перерождения клеток с генетической нестабильностью существует уже давно. Такие маркеры генетической нестабильности, как микроядра (МЯ) и ядерные аномалии (нуклеоплазменные мосты (НПМ) и протрузии ядра), рассматриваются как признаки злокачественного роста. Однако долгое время в них видели лишь побочный продукт генетической нестабильности, удобный инструмент для её изучения. Только исследования последних десятилетий с привлечением новейших методов молекулярно-генетического анализа (секвенирования генома индивидуальной клетки, длительного прижизненного микроскопирования и мечения индивидуальных хромосом, гибридизации in situ и т. д.) позволили установить, что перестройки генетического материала раковых клеток являются гораздо более глубокими и массивными, чем представлялось ранее. Кроме того, оказалось, что МЯ играют активную роль в поддержании состояния хромосомной нестабильности в клеточной популяции. В данном обзоре изложены современные представления о процессах, приводящих к возникновению нестабильных геномов, — о явлении «геномного хаоса» и его частном случае, хромотрипсисе. Также рассмотрены молекулярно-биологические особенности МЯ и их роль в жизни клетки и целого организма. Рассмотрено значение МЯ как диагностических и прогностических показателей при онкологических, нейродегенеративных и многих других заболеваниях. Большое внимание уделено применению цитомного анализа на лимфоцитах периферической крови и эпителиоцитах человека в медицинских исследованиях. Высказывается предположение, что в медицинских исследованиях цитомный анализ может служить инструментом для выявления людей, относящихся к группе повышенного генетического риска.

При подборе литературы использованы базы данных PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Scopus, eLibrary.

Участие авторов:

Кривцова Е.К. — поиск источников литературы, анализ и интерпретация данных литературы, написание текста;

Ингель Ф.И. — концепция и дизайн исследования, поиск источников литературы;

Ахальцева Л.В. — поиск источников литературы, анализ и интерпретация данных литературы.

Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила 27.04.2021 / Принята к печати 28.09.2021 / Опубликована 31.10.2021

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