Образование биоплёнок на микропластиках в пищевой цепи и их роль как векторов переноса возбудителей пищевых токсикоинфекций (обзор литературы, часть 2)

В первой части обзора «Микробные риски, обусловленные микропластиками в пищевой цепи, и меры возможного противодействия» были рассмотрены пути попадания микропластиков в пищеварительный тракт человека и механизмы их негативного влияния, опосредованные взаимодействием с микробиотой и мукозальным барьером кишечника. Вторая часть обзора посвящена механизмам образования непосредственно контактирующих с муциновым слоем слизистой оболочки микробных биоплёнок, формирующихся на микро- и нанопластиках, и их роли как векторов переноса патогенных микроорганизмов, токсинов, генов трансмиссивной антибиотикоустойчивости. Показано, что поверхности частиц микро- и нанопластиков в различных объектах пищевой цепи могут служить адгезивным каркасом для бактерий, микроводорослей, вирусов, некоторых микромицетов, а также низкомолекулярных микробных метаболитов и других биомолекул. Отмечено, что в ассоциациях микро- и нанопластиков с бактериями, простейшими и микроводорослями, среди которых могут присутствовать возбудители пищевых токсикоинфекций и инвазий, изменяются функциональные свойства последних, часто увеличивается вирулентность, а также повышается антибиотикоустойчивость за счёт фиксирующего действия биоплёнки и лучшей выживаемости микроорганизмов при наличии питательного субстрата в так называемой «белковой короне» (внутреннем слое биоплёнки). Подчёркнуто, что в составе биоплёнок особую активность проявляют бактерии, обладающие муколитическими и протеолитическими ферментами, в частности представители рода Vibrio и семейства Pseudomonadaceae, что повышает долю этих возбудителей в структуре современных острых кишечных инфекций и пищевых токсикоинфекций. Попадание такого рода комплексов в желудочно-кишечный тракт человека способно вызывать аномально острую реакцию мукозальной иммунной системы, которая в свою очередь может быть пусковым фактором поликлонального ответа, лежащего в основе атопий. Приводятся данные о возможности поступления в организм опасных для человека в малых дозах токсинов цианобактерий в составе биоплёнок на микропластиках, загрязняющих рыбные и морепродукты, в первую очередь получаемые в аква- и марикультуре. С учётом микробиологических рисков для здоровья человека, связанных с загрязнением пищевых продуктов и других объектов пищевой цепи частицами микро- и нанопластиков, ассоциированных с микробными биоплёнками, в обзоре сформулированы необходимость защиты потребителей, обоснование превентивных мер и приведены конкретные примеры их реализации в пищевой промышленности.

Участие авторов:
Маркова Ю.М., Смотрина Ю.В. – сбор и обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование;
Быкова И.Б., Полянина А.С., Стеценко В.В. – сбор и обработка данных;
Ефимочкина Н.Р. – написание текста, редактирование;
Шевелёва С.А. – концепция исследования, написание текста, редактирование.
Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи и ответственность за целостность всех её частей.

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование. Работа выполнена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках Программы фундаментальных научных исследований (тема Минобрнауки России № FGMF-2023-0005).

Поступила: 15.11.2024 / Поступила после доработки: 07.03.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.03.2025 / Опубликована: 27.06.2025

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