Микробные риски, обусловленные микропластиками в пищевой цепи, и меры возможного противодействия (обзор литературы). Часть 1. Поступление с пищей и влияние на микробиоту кишечника

Загрязнение окружающей среды полимерными отходами и микропластиками (МП) в последнее время становится актуальной проблемой для здравоохранения в связи с появлением множества свидетельств о том, что МП оказывают влияние на здоровье живых организмов, в том числе человека. МП повсеместно присутствуют в питьевой воде и различных группах пищевых продуктов, обнаруживаются в образцах кала, тканей толстой кишки и крови людей. При пероральном поступлении МП первым объектом для их взаимодействия с организмом является микробиота желудочно-кишечного тракта. Учитывая эссенциальное значение кишечной микробиоты для здоровья человека, изучение негативных последствий такого контакта приобретает особую важность.

Результаты обобщённых в обзоре экспериментальных исследований in vitro и in vivo свидетельствуют о том, что МП оказывают негативное влияние на состав микробного сообщества и состояние кишечного барьера, а также сами подвергаются микробной деградации в желудочно-кишечном тракте. В моделях in vivo поступление МП в кишечник сопровождается увеличением α-разнообразия микробиоты, предположительно, за счёт прикреплённых к частицам посторонних микроорганизмов, в том числе в составе сформированных на их поверхности биоплёнок.

Конкурируя с представителями нормофлоры, эти микроорганизмы способны ферментативно разрушать или преодолевать мукозальный барьер. Одновременно биоплёночный матрикс, ассоциируясь с кишечной слизью, обеспечивает для частиц МП задержку в слое муцина и прямой контакт с апикальной частью эпителиоцитов, что приводит к раздражению, местному воспалению и повреждению кишечного барьера.

МП и продукты их биотрансформации могут и системно влиять на организм хозяина, транслоцируясь из кишечника в кровоток.

В обзоре подчёркивается, что для идентификации и характеристики рисков для здоровья, связанных с поступлением различных МП с пищей, исследования по оценке их взаимодействия с микробиотой и путей их биотрансформации в кишечнике являются необходимыми.

Участие авторов:
Шевелева С.А., Маркова Ю.М. — написание текста, редактирование;
Хотимченко С.А. — редактирование;
Ефимочкина Н.Р., Минаева Л.П., Быкова И.Б., Зинурова Е.Е, Смотрина Ю.В., Полянина А.С., Стеценко В.В. — сбор и обработка данных.
Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование. Работа выполнена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках Программы фундаментальных научных исследований (тема Минобрнауки России № FGMF-2023-0005).

Поступила: 11.11.2023 / Принята к печати: 15.11.2023 / Опубликована: 28.12.2023

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