Assessment of the aerogenic risk to the health in the population in Abakan

Introduction. Abakan is the administrative and industrial center of Khakassia, characterized by a multi-profile specialization of the economy. Pollutant emissions into the city atmosphere are created by enterprises of various industries, which can lead to the formation of a risk to public health.

The study aim was to assess the health risk to the population of Abakan due to the exposure to air pollutants.

Materials and methods. The work used official data on gross emissions into the atmosphere of Abakan from industrial sources and concentrations of pollutants in 2022–2024 at two monitoring Roshydromet observation posts. Maximum permissible concentrations of atmospheric pollutants were assessed according to the Sanitary Rules and Norms 1.2.3685–21. The risks to public health were calculated in accordance with Guidelines Р 2.1.10.1920–04 and R 2.1.10.3968–23.

Results. Exceeding the maximum one-time concentrations of suspended solids, carbon monoxide, phenol, formaldehyde, and average annual concentrations of suspended solids, formaldehyde, and benz(a)pyrene were detected. Hazard quotients (HQ) for acute inhalation exposure to pollutants were at the permissible or minimal level. Alarming levels of non-carcinogenic risk were formed with chronic exposure to suspended matter (HQ: 1.36–1.59) and formaldehyde (HQ: 1.63–2.57); high levels – from benz(a)pyrene (HQ: 5–9.3). The risk of acute inhalation exposure to suspended matter on the respiratory system corresponded to the permissible level in 2022–2023 (Hazard index (HI): 1.11–1.39). Chronic inhalation risk to the respiratory system was determined by primary exposure to particulate matter and formaldehyde, corresponding to the warning level (HI: 4.13–5.67). Chronic effects of benz(a)pyrene on development formed high risks in 2022 (6.47–9.78) and alarming risks in 2023–2024 (HI: 3.87–4.68). The total individual carcinogenic risk corresponded to the acceptable level, with formaldehyde accounting for the largest share of this risk (86.2–95.8%).

Limitations consisted in using data on the maximum one-time and average annual concentrations of pollutants contained in the atmospheric air of Abakan for risk calculations, based only on data from monitoring observation posts.

Conclusion. The obtained results of public health risk assessment can be criteria for the effectiveness of atmospheric protection measures implemented in Abakan within the framework of the federal project “Clean Air”.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Surzhikov D.V. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;
Kislitsyna V.V. – literature review, writing the text, editing;
Likontseva Yu.S. – collection and processing of material;
Shtaiger V.A. – collection and processing of material;
Golikov R.A. – collection and processing of material.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 26, 2026 / Revised: April 20, 2026 / Accepted: April 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

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