Problems of designing and sanitary–epidemiologic expertize of projects of sanitary protection zones of underground water supply sources

Introduction. One of the main tasks in the area of public health in Russia is the adequate quality of drinking water supply, i.e. its sound chemical composition and epidemiological safety. The latter is provided among others, by proper wellhead protection activities which aim to ensure sanitary protection of water intakes, water supply and distribution facilities and sites of their location from anthropogenic influence.

The aim of the study. The analysis of most common errors revealed during the expertize of wellhead protection (WHP) plans for groundwater intakes.

Material and Methods. laws and regulations related to wellhead protection plan development, particular WHP plans, related technical papers. The study is methodologically based on common scientific approaches to investigate social interactions in the field of drinking and domestic water supply such as analytical, comparative, structured system analysis.

Results. It is shown that a great deal of uncertainty exists in practical assessment of parameters necessary to estimate wellhead protection area that makes wellhead protection area delineation rather approximate. To enhance the reliability of estimates it is necessary to account for a minimal set of estimation indices and increase the requirements to the quality and scope of project documentation.

Conclusion. Authors set forth a complex of additional investigations to refine parameter estimates for wellhead protection plan development, and several new requirements for the project design regarding both the textual part and graphics. Some recommendations to amend current regulations related to wellhead protection are also suggested.

1. Doveri M, Menichini M, Scozzari A. Protection of Groundwater Resources: Worldwide Regulations and Scientific Approaches. Threats to the Quality of Groundwater Resources. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015; 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_421

2. Minkin E.L. Research and forecast calculations for the protection of groundwater. M.: “Nedra”; 1972. (in Russian)

3. Bhatt K. Uncertainty in wellhead protection area delineation due to uncertainty in aquifer parameter values. Journal of Hydrology. 1993; 149(1-4): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90095-q

4. Jacobson E, Andricevic R, Hultin T. Wellhead protection area delineation under uncertainty. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI); 1994. https://doi.org/10.2172/97085

5. Evers S, Lerner DN. How Uncertain Is Our Estimate of a Wellhead Protection Zone? Ground Water. Wiley. 1998; 36(1): 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01064.x

6. Oradovskaya A.Ye., Lapshin N.N. Sanitary protection of water intakes of underground waters. M.: Nedra; 1987. (in Russian)

7. Bochever F.M., Lapshin N.N., Oradovskaya A.E. Protection of groundwater from pollution. M.: Nedra; 1979. (in Russian)

8. Goldberg V.M., Gazda S. Hydrogeological basis for protection of groundwater from pollution. M.: Nedra; 1984. (in Russian)

9. Office of Ground-Water Protection. Guidelines for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987 EPA 440/6-R7-0I0.

10. Processing MODFLOW Pro (PMWIN). Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences; 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.hsa271

11. Pollock D.W. User guide for MODPATH Version 7 – A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW. Open-File Report: US Geological Survey; 2016. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161086

12. Diersch, Hans-Jörg G. FEFLOW. Springer; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38739-5.

13. Sindalovsky L.N. Analytical modeling of experimental testing of aquifers and well water intakes (software complex ANSDIMAT). SPb.: Science; 2014. (in Russian)

14. Bochever F.M., Garmonov I.V., Lebedev A.V., Shestakov V.M. Fundamentals of hydrogeological calculations. M.: Nedra; 1969. (in Russian)

15. Smith, David, Peter Pivonka, Christian Jungnickel, and Stephen Fityus. Theoretical Analysis of Anion Exclusion and Diffusive Transport Through Platy-Clay Soils. Transport in Porous Media. 2004; 3: 251–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-003-4056-1.

16. Bogomolov G.V. Fundamentals of hydrogeology. Moscow: State Geoscientist; 1951. (in Russian)

17. Nemes A., Schaap M.G, Leij F.J, and Wösten J.H.M. Description of the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database UNSODA Version 2.0. Journal of Hydrology. 2001; 251 (3–4): 151–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00465-6

18. Delleur W. The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering. Boca Raton Fla.: CRC Press; 1999.

19. M.E. Altovsky (ed.). Reference book of the hydrogeologist. Moscow: Gosgeoltekhizdat; 1962. (in Russian)

20. Mironenko V.A., Shestakov V.M. Theory and methods of interpretation of experimental filtration works. M.: Nedra; 1978. (in Russian)

21. Sindalovskiy, Leonid N. Aquifer Test Solutions. Springer; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43409-4

22. Verigin N.N. Methods for determining the filtration properties of rocks. Moscow: Gosstroyizdat; 1962. (in Russian)

23. Geophysical studies and work in wells: in 7 tons. T.2. Investigations of the geological section of wells. Comp: RB Bulgakov. Ufa: Informreklama; 2010. (in Russian)

24. Heath, R.C. 1987. Basic ground-water hydrology. Water Supply Paper 2220. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey (4th printing).

25. Koroteev A.P. Satellite hydrogeologist. ML: ONTI; 1934. (in Russian)

26. Iraj Javandel. On the Field Determination of Effective Porosity. Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory; 1989

27. Mironenko VA, Rumynin V.G. Experimental migration works in aquifers. M.: Nedra; 1986. (in Russian)

28. Rumynin V.G. Geomigration models in hydrogeology. SPb.: Science; 2011. (in Russian)