Наноцеллюлозы: характеристика опасности и возможные риски (обзор литературы)

Наноцеллюлозы (НЦ) имеют широкие перспективы применения в производстве изделий медицинского назначения, композиционных материалов и покрытий, электроники, пищевой и фармацевтической продукции. К основным видам НЦ относятся нановолокнистая (НВЦ), нанокристаллическая (НКЦ), выделяемые из природного (преимущественно растительного) сырья, и получаемая путём микробного синтеза бактериальная наноцеллюлоза (БНЦ). Производственный процесс НЦ может включать множество факторов, способных влиять на её токсикологические характеристики, такие как остаточные количества химикатов и ферментных препаратов, используемых при выделении и модификации НЦ, контаминация НЦ из природных источников микотоксинами, тяжёлыми металлами, пестицидами, диоксинами. В случае НЦ микробного происхождения остаётся открытым вопрос о безопасности соответствующих штаммов-продуцентов, большинство из которых являются генетически модифицированными. Отдельного внимания заслуживает способность НЦ проявлять токсичность для живых организмов в отличие от её химического аналога в традиционной форме. Расширение ассортимента продукции, содержащей НЦ и тесно контактирующей с человеком, в первую очередь пищевой продукции, упаковочных материалов, фармакологических препаратов и изделий медицинского назначения, требует тщательной оценки возможных рисков, связанных с воздействием НЦ на организм человека.

Целью настоящей статьи является обзор литературы о потенциальных рисках, обусловленных токсическим действием НЦ на живые организмы при различных путях экспозиции, за период с 2010 по 2021 г.

Приводятся сведения о токсичности в системах in vitro, в частности о способности к индукции окислительного стресса и воспаления. Представлены результаты исследований ингаляционной и пероральной токсичности in vivo, данные о канцерогенности, реакции иммунных клеток на НЦ и её способности к индукции иммунологической толерантности. По результатам сравнительного анализа проведённых исследований установлено, что различные виды НЦ слабо влияют на жизнеспособность клеток in vitro и не обладают выраженной острой токсичностью in vivo. Однако противоречивые результаты исследований провоспалительных и иммунологических эффектов различных форм НЦ указывают на необходимость проведения дальнейшего их изучения с целью установления максимальных недействующих доз, в первую очередь при ингаляционном и пероральном путях поступления.

Участие авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование. Поисково-аналитическая работа проведена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках Программы фундаментальных научных исследований (тема Минобрнауки России № 0410-2022-0003).

Поступила: 05.08.2022 / Принята к печати: 08.12.2022 / Опубликована: 25.03.2023

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