Changes in the nosoareals of major natural focal diseases under the influence of environmental factors in the territories of the Russian Federation (literature review)

The article presents a literature review that analyzes the impact of climate change and environmental pollution on the nosoareals of major natural focal diseases in the territories of the Russian Federation. The literature was searched using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, CyberLeninka, and RSCI databases. Those natural focal diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents depend most on the climate. Climate warming contributes both to an increase in the number of arthropods carrying pathogens of these diseases and their feeders, and to the expansion of the habitats of these animals. In addition, conditions for the adaptation of non-endemic vectors of natural focal diseases introduced into Russia are improving. Climate change causes different trend in biological risks in different regions. Another significant factor affecting nosoareals is anthropogenic pollution and accumulation of heavy metal ions in soil, surface, and groundwater. In recent decades, under the influence of environmental pollution with heavy metals, primarily cadmium, ixodes mites with exoskeleton abnormalities have appeared, differing both in the degree of accumulation of heavy metals in their bodies and in their susceptibility to pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of the results of scientific research aimed at studying the influence of environmental factors on the spread of major natural focal diseases in different territories of the Russian Federation allows concluding that climate warming will lead to the expansion of the corresponding nozoareals to the north and NorthEast. At the same time, a significant reduction in the area of such areas is not expected. Increased cadmium contamination of soils is a factor contributing to an increase in the potential risk of human infection in the corresponding nosoareals, as well as an increase in the proportion of the urban population infected with tick-borne diseases.

Contribution:
Saltykova M.M. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Zhernov Yu.V. — concept and design of research, editing;
Saltykova E.A. — collecting material, writing text;
Yudin S.M. — research concept.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment with the code “Risk indicator 25-27”, registration number EGISU 125032604484-5.

Received: July 4, 2025 / Revised: August 13, 2025 / Accepted: September 19, 2025 / Published: October 20, 2025

1. State Report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population in the Russian Federation in 2023». Moscow; 2024. (in Russian)

2. Semenov S.M., Maleev V.V., Revich B.A., Andreeva A.P., Bogdanovich A.Yu., Dobrolyubov N.Yu., et al. Climatic information for adaptation measures in Russia in the «public health» sector: a short-term perspective. Fundamental’naya i prikladnaya klimatologiya. 2024; 10(3): 413–38. https://doi.org/10.21513/2410-8758-2024-3-413-438 https://elibrary.ru/tiotiw (in Russian)

3. Malkhazova S.M., Mironova V.A., Bashmakova I.Kh. Natural focal diseases in the arctic under changing climate. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. 2022; (1): 43–57. https://elibrary.ru/igbdbz (in Russian)

4. Wang Z., Sun Y., Yao W., Ba Q., Wang H. Effects of cadmium exposure on the immune system and immunoregulation. Front. Immunol. 2021; 12: 695484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484

5. Alekseev A.N. Potential consequences of probable global climate warming for the distribution of blood-sucking ectoparasites and the pathogens they transmit. In: Climate Change and the Health of Russia in the 21st Century: Proceedings of an International Workshop [Izmenenie klimata i zdorov’e Rossii v XXI veke: Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnogo seminara]. Moscow; 2004: 67–79. (in Russian)

6. Alekseev A.N., Dubinina E.V., Yushkova O.V. Functioning of the «Tick — Pathogens» Parasitic System under Conditions of Increasing Anthropogenic Pressure [Funktsionirovanie parazitarnoi sistemy «kleshch — vozbuditeli» v usloviyakh usilivayushchegosya antropogennogo pressa]. St. Petersburg; 2008. (in Russian)

7. Alekseev A.N., Dubinina H.V. Anthropogenic pollution, urbanization and the risk of transmissible infection morbidity increase. Vestnik Rossiiskoi voenno-meditsinskoi akademii. 2009; (2): 184–91. https://elibrary.ru/ktnrbt (in Russian)

8. Alexeyev A.N. The effects of global climatic changes on bloodsucking ectoparasites and pathogens they transmit. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2006; (3): 21–5. https://elibrary.ru/hsymzn (in Russian)

9. Samoilova T.I., Mishaeva N.P., Senkovets T.A., Yashkova S.E., Tsvirko L.S., Gorbunov V.A. Increased morbidity of population by tick-borne infections under technogenic environmental contamination. Mediko-biologicheskie problemy zhiznedeyatel’nosti. 2015; (2): 79–85. https://elibrary.ru/wjbrcn (in Russian)

10. Mishaeva N.P., Gorbunov V.A., Alekseev A.N. Influence of heavy metals on the biology of ixodid ticks and their infection pathogens of natural focal infections nations. Mediko-biologicheskie problemy zhiznedeyatel’nosti. 2013; (1): 83–7. https://elibrary.ru/rbwyxr (in Russian)

11. Dubinina E.V., Nikitin A.Ya., Verzhutskaya Yu.A., Morozov I.M. Influence of the anthropogenous press on ticks-carriers population and “vicious circle” creation. Dal’nevostochnyi zhurnal infektsionnoi patologii. 2019; (37): 67–8. https://elibrary.ru/rganlf (in Russian)

12. Kolyasnikova N.M., Toporkova M.G., Sanchez-Pimentel J.P., Nazarenko A.S., Stukolova O.A., Starodubova I.G., et al. Etiological structure, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infections transmitted by Ixodic ticks in the Sverdlovsk region at the present stage. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika. 2023; 22(1): 38–58. https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-1-38-58 https://elibrary.ru/xrrhsk (in Russian)

13. Alekseev A.N. A conceptual approach to the phenomenon of antagonistic and synergistic interactions in compound parasitic systems. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001; 379(6): 287–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011615221882 https://elibrary.ru/lgjznf

14. Alekseev A.N., Jensen P. M., Dubinina H.V., Smirnova L.A., Makrouchina N.A., Zharkov S.D. Peculiarities of behaviour of taiga (Ixodes persulcatus) and sheep (Ixodes ricinus) ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) determined by different methods. Folia Parasitologica. 2000; 47(2): 147–53. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2000.029 https://elibrary.ru/lfyyjv

15. Borisevich S.V., Grabarev P.A., Lukin E.P., Mishchenko O.A. Ecological and biocenotical relations and epidemiology of some natural foci viral infections. Infektsionnye bolezni: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie. 2018; 7(3): 114–26. https://doi.org/10.24411/2305-3496-2018-13017 https://elibrary.ru/ylhrmt (in Russian)

16. Dvinskikh S.A., Zueva T.V., Zelenina E.S. The role of the environmental situation in the formation of natural focal diseases of the population. Zdorov’e sem’i – 21 vek. 2012; (3): 6. https://elibrary.ru/pgejtb (in Russian)

17. Korenberg E.I. Ways of improving epidemiological surveillance of natural focal infections. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika. 2016; 15(6): 18–29. https://elibrary.ru/xemewj (in Russian)

18. Naymushina E.E. Distribution of tick encephalitis in forest areas of Perm krai. In: The Initiatives of the Young Aпe for Science and Production. Collection of Articles of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference for Young Scientists and Students [Initsiativy molodykh – nauke i proizvodstvu. Sbornik statei II Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii dlya molodykh uchenykh i studentov]. Penza; 2021: 117–21. https://elibrary.ru/estguj (in Russian)

19. Malkhazova S.M., Mironova V.A., Pestina P.V., Prasolova A.I. New and re-emerging natural focal diseases in Russia as a current problem in the context of global climate change. In: VI Semenov Readings: the Legacy of P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and Modern Science. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 190th Anniversary of the Birth of P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shan [VI Semenovskie chteniya: nasledie P.P. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskogo i sovremennaya nauka. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii, posvyashchennoi 190-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya P.P. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskogo]. Lipetsk; 2017: 85–90. https://elibrary.ru/zfuqxf (in Russian)

20. Alekseev A.N., Baranova A.M. On the possible relationship between the growth of DDT resistance in malaria vector populations and the increase in the proportion of late manifestations of tertian malaria. In: Proceedings of the Scientific Conference of the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine "Malaria Control in the USSR at the Present Stage" [Materialy dokladov nauchnoi konferentsii IMPiTM im. E.I. Martsinovskogo "Bor’ba s malyariei v SSSR na sovremennom etape"]. Moscow; 1985: 281–5. (in Russian)

21. Drobozina V.P., Bondareva N.I., Alekseev A.N., Kataeva G.V. Introduction of the Anopheles mosquito into contact with insecticides. Parazitologiya. 1988; 22(2): 137–42. (in Russian)

22. McCarty J.P. Ecological consequences of recent climate change. Conserv. Biol. 2001; 15(2): 320–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002320.x

23. Mokhova I.I., Makosko A.A., Chernokul’skogo A.V., eds. Climate Change: Causes, Risks, Consequences, Problems of Adaptation and Regulation [Izmeneniya klimata: prichiny, riski, posledstviya, problemy adaptatsii i regulirovaniya]. Moscow; 2024. https://elibrary.ru/ijmzex (in Russian)

24. Yasjukevich V.V., Popov I.O., Titkina S.N., Yasjukevich N.V. The vulnerability of subjects of the Russian federation in relation to the distribution of the main vectors of Ixodes tick-borne Borelliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the expected climate change. Problemy ekologicheskogo monitoringa i modelirovaniya ekosistem. 2018; 29(4): 8–28. https://doi.org/10.21513/0207-2564-2018-4-08-28 https://elibrary.ru/yrxurv (in Russian)

25. Popov I.O., Semenov S.M., Popova E.N. Assessment of climatogenic hazard of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus distribution in and neighboring countries at the beginning of the 21st century. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 2021; 85(2): 231–7. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556621020138 https://elibrary.ru/wgujit (in Russian)

26. Semenov S.M., Popov I.O., Yasyukevich V.V. Statistical model for assessing the formation of climate-related hazards based on climate monitoring data. Russian Meteorology And Hydrology. 2020; (5): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373920050040 https://elibrary.ru/oykkuj

27. Yasyukevich V.V. Modern aspects of tick-borne encephalitis and Ixodic tick-borne Borelliosis and their climatic component. In: Sysin Readings – 2021. Proceedings of the II National Congress with International Participation on Human Ecology, Hygiene, and Environmental Medicine [Sysinskie chteniya – 2021. Materialy II Natsional’nogo kongressa s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem po ekologii cheloveka, gigiene i meditsine okruzhayushchei sredy]. Moscow; 2021: 480–4. https://elibrary.ru/epxxcz (in Russian)

28. Prislegina D.A., Dubyanskii V.M., Platonov A.E., Maletskaya O.V. Effect of the natural and climatic factors on epidemiological situation related to natural focal infections. Infektsiya i immunitet. 2021; 11(5): 820–36. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-EOT-1631 (in Russian)

29. Yasyukevich V.V., Kazakova E.V., Popov I.O., Semenov S.M. Distribution of Ixodes Ricinus l., 1758 and Ixodes Persulcatus Shulze, 1930 (Parasitoformes, Ixodidae) in Russia and adjacent countries in view of observable climate changes. Doklady Earth Sciences. 2009; 427(5): 688–92. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09060312 https://elibrary.ru/mwximr

30. Tronin A.A., Tokarevich N.K., Buzinov R.V., Sokolova O.V., Gnativ B.R., Bubnova L.A., et al. Analysis of the dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis incidence and the number of people who appealed to medical organizations about tick bites in the European North of Russia. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2023; (3): 132–40. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-3-132-140 (in Russian)

31. Oborin M.S., Artamonova O.A. The analysis of geographical spread regularities of tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis in the territory of Russia. Vestnik Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2016; (1): 87–92. https://elibrary.ru/vntmuj (in Russian)

32. Tokhov Yu.M., Degtyarev D.Yu., Dubyanskii V.M. Ixodid Ticks (Morphology, Medical Significance, Population Control) [Iksodovye kleshchi (morfologiya, meditsinskoe znachenie, regulyatsiya chislennosti)]. Stavropol; 2015. (in Russian)

33. Trukhachev V.I., Tokhov Yu.M., Lutsuk S.N., Dylev A.A., Tolokonnikov V.P., D’yachenko Yu.V. Distribution and ecological characteristics of Hyalomma ixodid ticks in the ecosystems of the Stavropol region. Yug Rossii: ekologiya, razvitie. 2016; 11(2): 59–69. https://elibrary.ru/welzmz (in Russian)

34. Savitskaya T.A., Trifonov V.A., Isaeva G.Sh., Reshetnikova I.D., Pakskina N.D., Serova I.V., et al. Review of the current epidemiological situation on the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the world and forecast of the incidence for the territory of the Russian Federation in 2019. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2019; (2): 30–6. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2019-2-30-36 https://elibrary.ru/qbuslk (in Russian)

35. Pestina P.V., Shartova N.V., Grishchenko M.Yu., Varentsov M.I., Krainov V.N., Malkhazova S.M. Medico-ecological effects of climate change on the development of nature-dependent diseases: the case of West Nile fever in the south of Russia. In: Global Climate Change: Regional Effects, Models, Forecasts. Proceedings of the International Scientific-Practical Conference [Global’nye klimaticheskie izmeneniya: regional’nye effekty, modeli, prognozy. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii]. Voronezh; 2019: 440–3. https://elibrary.ru/bscidt (in Russian)

36. Zelikhina S.V., Shartova N.V., Mironova V.A., Varentsov M.I. The role of climatic changes in the expansion of west Nile fever Nosoarea in Russia: assessment of spatiotemporal trends. Arid Ecosystems. 2021; 27(3): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1134/S207909612103015X https://elibrary.ru/vkgsds

37. Reisen W.K., Fang Y., Martinez V.M. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 2006; 43(2): 309–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.2.309

38. Zou L., Miller S.N., Schmidtmann E.T. A GIS tool to estimate West Nile virus risk based on a degree-day model. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2007; 129(1–3): 413–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9373-8

39. Putintseva E.V., Udovichenko S.K., Nikitin D.N., Boroday N.V., Antonov A.S., Toporkov A.V. West Nile fever: analysis of the epidemiological situation in the Russian federation in 2023, forecast for 2024. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2024; (1): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-89-101 https://elibrary.ru/wdzxot (in Russian)

40. Yasjukevich V.V., Popov I.O., Yasjukevich N.V. Modeling of Nozoarel changes and zone of increased epidemic risk of west Nile fever in Russia in connection with the expected climate change. Problemy ekologicheskogo monitoringa i modelirovaniya ekosistem. 2019; 30(3–4): 28–37. https://elibrary.ru/qgluaq (in Russian)

41. Kiselev A.A., Pavlova T.V., Makhotkina E.L., eds. Third Assessment Report on Climate Change and Its Consequences on the Territory of the Russian Federation [Tretii otsenochnyi doklad ob izmeneniyakh klimata i ikh posledstviyakh na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii]. St. Petersburg; 2022. https://elibrary.ru/coshap (in Russian)

42. Platonov A.Ye. The influence of weather conditions on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases by the example of west Nile fever in Russia. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2006; (2): 25–9. https://elibrary.ru/hsvczv (in Russian)

43. Borisevich S.V., Yakovlev E.A. Ecological and epidemiological features of the causative agent of Q fever in the Russian Federation and European countries. Bakteriologiya. 2016; 1(1): 96–101. https://doi.org/10.20953/2500-1027-2016-1-96-101 https://elibrary.ru/uqeqnn (in Russian)

44. Sokirkina E.N., Pichurina N.L., Noskov A.K. Epidemiological situation on q fever in the Russian Federation (during years 2013-2022). Dal’nevostochnyi zhurnal infektsionnoi patologii. 2025; (45): 59–64. https://elibrary.ru/lyiata (in Russian)

45. Shestopalov N.V., Shashina N.I., Germant O.M., Pakskina N.D., Tsarenko V.A., Verigina E.V., et al. Information letter «Natural and focal infections, which agents are passed by Ixodic ticks, and their nonspecific preventive measures in the Russian Federation (according to 01.01.2019)». Dezinfektsionnoe delo. 2019; (1): 37–44. https://elibrary.ru/yzikjv (in Russian)

46. Kulichenko A.N., Prislegina D.A. Climatic prerequisites for changing activity in the natural crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever focus in the south of the Russian Federation. Infektsiya i immunitet. 2019; 9(1): 162–72. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2019-1-162-172 https://elibrary.ru/zgxquh (in Russian)

47. Lvov D.K., Klimenko S.M., Gaidamovich S.Ya., Berezina L.K. Arboviruses and Arboviral Infections [Arbovirusy i arbovirusnye infektsii]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1989. (in Russian)

48. Tarasov V.V. Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases [Epidemiologiya transmissivnykh boleznei]. Moscow; 2002. (in Russian)

49. Lizinfeld I.A., Pshenichnaya N.Yu., Naidenova E.V., Gurkin G.A., Blinova K.D., Abuova G.N., et al. Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on the incidence of Crimean hemorrhagic fever: a comprehensive analysis of data for Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Iran between 1999 and 2022. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2024; (3): 133–43. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2024-3-133-143 https://elibrary.ru/obtftd (in Russian)

50. Yasyukevich V.V., Popov I.O. Expansion of climatic spatial range of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in Russia and neighboring countries under projected climate change. Fundamental’naya i prikladnaya klimatologiya. 2020; (3): 120–34. https://doi.org/10.21513/2410-8758-2020-3-120-134 https://elibrary.ru/ksvlmr (in Russian)

51. Semenov S.M., Yasyukevich V.V., Gel’ver E.S. Identification of Climatic Changes [Vyyavlenie klimatogennykh izmenenii]. Moscow; 2006. https://elibrary.ru/qkgbor (in Russian)

52. Yasukevich V.V., Titkina S.N., Semionov S.M., Davidovich Ye.A., Yasukevich N.V. The changes of climate in the second half of XX century and in the beginning of XXI century and connected with them changes of climate-determined ranges of main malaria carriers in the territory of Russia and contiguous countries. Prikladnaya entomologiya. 2013; 4(1): 24–30. https://elibrary.ru/qjehot (in Russian)

53. Yasjukevich V.V., Yasjukevich N.V. The emergence of foreign tropical species of aedes mosquitoes in the south of Russia – assessment of health risk, taking into account climatic and epidemiological factors. Trudy Glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2018; 588: 150–63. https://elibrary.ru/xslznz (in Russian)

54. Khaitovich A.B., Lukyanova M.E. The risk of the spread of certain species of mosquitoes – aedes genus as transmitters of zika virus in Russia and Crimea. Epidemiologiya i infektsionnye bolezni. 2017; 22(1): 9–17. https://elibrary.ru/yjchah (in Russian)

55. Shaikevich E.V., Patraman I.V., Bogacheva A.S., Rakova V.M., Zelya O.P., Ganushkina L.A. Invasive mosquito species aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti on the black sea coast of the Caucasus: genetics (COI, ITS2), Wolbachia and Dirofilaria infections. Vavilovskii zhurnal genetiki i selektsii. 2018; 22(5): 574–85. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ18.397 https://elibrary.ru/gmkrbf (in Russian)

56. Ganushkina L.A., Tanygina E.Yu., Bezzhonova O.V., Sergiev V.P. About the detection of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skus mosquitoes on the territory of the Russian Federation. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni. 2012; (1): 3–4. https://elibrary.ru/uncjhd (in Russian)

57. Fedorova M.V., Shvets O.G., Yunicheva Yu.V., Medyanik I.M., Ryabova T.E., Otstavnova A.D. Dissemination of invasive mosquito species, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (l., 1762) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) in the south of Krasnodar region, Russia. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2018; (2): 101–5. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2018-2-101-105 https://elibrary.ru/xrvhhv (in Russian)

58. Martynov V.V., Nikulina T.V. New records of Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Crimea. Polevoi zhurnal biologa. 2024; 6(3): 273–9. https://doi.org/10.52575/2712-9047-2024-6-3-273-279 https://elibrary.ru/lnbnxa (in Russian)

59. Bega A.G., Moskaev А.V., Gordeev М.I. Ecology and distribution of invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) in the south of European part of Russia. Rossiiskii zhurnal biologicheskikh invazii. 2021; 14(1): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-2021-14-1-27-37 https://elibrary.ru/yxippn (in Russian)

60. Makarov V.V. Global epizoothology. Rossiiskii veterinarnyi zhurnal. 2019; (6): 26–35. https://doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2019-2019-6-26-35 https://elibrary.ru/khrmkm (in Russian)

61. Malkhazova S.M., Shartova N.V., Zelikhina S.V., Orlov D.S. Spatially heterogeneous distribution of tick-borne infections in the south of the Far East. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 5: Geografiya. 2023; 78(2): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0579-9414.5.78.2.5 https://elibrary.ru/radnjd (in Russian)

62. Zlobin V.I., Danchinova G.A., Suntsova O.V., Badueva L.B. Climate as one of the factors influencing the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis. In: Climate Change and the Health of Russia in the 21st Century [Izmenenie klimata i zdorov’e Rossii v XXI veke]. Moscow; 2004: 121–4. https://elibrary.ru/ucuczz (in Russian)

63. Rudakov N., Samoylenko I.E., Reschetnikova T.A., Savelyev D.A., Kumpan L.V. Modern condition of Siberian tick typhus foci. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya – ZNISO. 2018; (6): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2018-303-6-49-53 https://elibrary.ru/uunavk (in Russian)

64. Nikitin A.Ya., Panova T.S., Alekseev A.N., Dubinina E.V., Bogomazova O.L., Kozlova Ju.A. Frequency of exoskeleton anomalies among female taiga ticks in populations from the suburbs of Irkutsk and Bratsk. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2011; 4(1): 95–8. https://elibrary.ru/nupupv (in Russian)

65. Kasimov N.S., Vlasov D.V. Heavy metals and metalloids in urban soils of Russian cities (according to the annual reports of Rosgidromet). Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. 2018; (3): 14–22. https://elibrary.ru/yxhupu (in Russian)

66. Shartova N.V., Zelihina S.V., Korennoy F.I., Mironova V.A., Malkhazova S.M. Prediction of the transmission risk of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome using ecological Nish modeling. In: Kurazhskovskie Readings. Proceedings of the II International Scientific-Practical Conference [Kurazhskovskie chteniya. Materialy II Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii]. Astrakhan‘; 2023: 570–4. https://elibrary.ru/ibilsl (in Russian)

67. Vatlina T.V., Kotova T.V., Malkhazova S.M., Mironova V.A., Orlov D.S., Rumyantsev V.Yu., et al. Medico-Geographical Atlas of Russia "Natural Focal Diseases" [Mediko-geograficheskii atlas Rossii "Prirodnoochagovye bolezni"]. Moscow; 2017. https://elibrary.ru/vtibrn (in Russian)

68. Fedorov D.D., Grigoryeva L.A. A record of Ixodes Ricinus (l., 1758) (Acari, Ixodidae) above the northern border of the range in republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. Parazitologiya. 2023; 57(3): 253–60. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0031184723030055 https://elibrary.ru/fuhktc (in Russian)

69. Orlov D.S., Korennoy F.I., Malkhazova S.M. Modeling of the modern potential range of anthrax in the arctic zone of the Russian Federation and forecasting its possible changes due to global climate warming. In: Biodiversity of the Extreme North Ecosystems: Inventory, Monitoring, Protection [Bioraznoobrazie ekosistem Krainego Severa: inventarizatsiya, monitoring, Okhrana]. Syktyvkar; 2023. https://elibrary.ru/tvqfzy (in Russian)

70. Shatilovich A.V. Viable Protozoa in the Actic permafrost. Kriosfera Zemli. 2010; 14(2): 69–78. https://elibrary.ru/motkbd (in Russian)