The health in children and adolescents in relation to the conditions and management of upbringing and education

Introduction. Assessing the health status in children and adolescents in the Russian Federation and identifying the main health risk factors under current conditions is a relevant task.

Materials and methods. A medical and statistical analysis of disease incidence and prevalence in children and adolescents from 2014 to 2023 for sixteen major disease classes according to ICD-10.

Results. Over the period 2014–2023, the incidence in children decreased by 5.7%, while the prevalence decreased by 0.9%; the incidence in adolescents increased by 2.5%, and the prevalence increased by 1.6%. A steady increase in incidence was observed for respiratory diseases. The prevalence increased steadily for the following classes: neoplasms, diseases of the eye and its adnexa, diseases of the respiratory system, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. A significant gain in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and myopia was observed. Following diseases of the respiratory system, the leading ranks in the structure of the incidence and the prevalence in children and adolescents are diseases of the eye, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, digestive system, injuries poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, and diseases of the skin. Trends toward an the increase in school-related diseases such as myopia and obesity, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system have been identified. Health risks for children and adolescents in modern conditions are associated with educational environment factors; the use of unsafe pedagogical technologies; the digital transformation of education; physical inactivity; unhealthy diets; health-risk behaviors among children and adolescents; the management of medical care in educational settings; insufficient knowledge and competence of teaching staff in protecting and promoting student health; and insufficient interagency collaboration among executive authorities in the field of student health protection and promotion.

Limitations. The limitations of this study are determined by the data sample covering the period from 2014 to 2023.

Conclusion. Identifying patterns in the development of diseases among children and adolescents, as well as managing health risk factors in the child population, is possible within the framework of the social hygiene monitoring system.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study design does not require approval by an independent Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. – study concept and design, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article;
Rapoport I.K. – study design, data collection, data processing, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article;
Sedova A.S. – study design, data analysis, editing the article;
Sokolova S.B. – data processing, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 3, 2026 /Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

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