Introduction. Increasingly, the issues of health-care waste management are emerging as a pressing environmental problem due to numerous unresolved issues of their safe handling, control and ultimate fate. At the present stage, their handling is regulated fragmentarily and mainly at the subordinate level, which does not allow a legitimate practicing of work. Federal Law No. 306-FZ of 08.08.2024 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, published in August 2024, is designed to solve a number of existed problems.

The aim of the article was to analyze the accumulated problems of safe handling of health-care waste and the extent to which they were resolved when introducing new changes.

Materials and methods. The list of issues formulated in the Annual Public Resolution on Environmental Protection and Ecological Development of the Russian Federation at the XV International Forum “Ecology” was taken as a basis. To identify practical problems and their root causes, a content analysis of judicial practice (more than forty arbitration disputes concerning health-care waste) and existing publications was carried out, the provisions of the current legislation were analyzed.

Results. Under the current “legal vacuum” environmentally sound waste management tactics are concluded to be impossible, and resolutions to disputes that arise are unpredictable. The provisions of the new law regarding the practical work of medical institutions and in relation to the environmental issues formulated in the Resolution are analyzed. It is concluded that, thanks to the amendments coming into force in 2025 and 2026, all the issues raised are resolved, but some issues require further elaboration.

Limitations. The study is limited by the scope of the problems formulated by the XV International Forum “Ecology”.

Conclusion. Filling in significant gaps in the legislation that could not be resolved using existing requirements so far should lead to the exclusion of health-care waste from entering unauthorized landfills; adequate effective disinfection and disposal, volume control and improvement of the environmental situation as a whole.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Balakaeva A.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Skopin A.Yu. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Sinitsyna O.O., Rusakov N.V. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 4, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Odours that affect humans are still not regulated by generally accepted standards, which makes their quantitative measurement difficult due to the peculiarities of perception. This highlights the need for research aimed at developing universal criteria for assessing odours present in the atmospheric air.

The purpose of the work is to generalize and analyze the approaches available in world practice used to assess odours in the environment. The search of literature sources was carried out using the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Researchgate, RSCI, elibrary and Google scholar for 1999–2024.

According to the analysis, various approaches to the assessment of ambient air pollution by odorous substances can be divided into three main categories: community engagement, sensory methods, and laboratory chemical analysis. At the same time, no single approach can currently fully solve the problem of measuring and assessing odour in the atmosphere. Sensory methods (odour profiling, field studies, field olfactometry) which reflect real human exposure can lead to inconsistent results due to the significant dependence on the individual perception of the researcher. Chemical analysis methods (such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry), have greater certainty due to their objectivity, but do not reflect human perception and it is not always possible to associate the identified chemical composition with odour, as well as to take into account the contribution of individual priority odourants. Today, there is an clear need to develop a standard for monitoring odours in atmospheric air, combining all available methods.

Conclusion. Further refinement of measurement tools and the development of a standard approach combining community participation, sensory, and analytical methods should eventually lead to scientifically based quantitative criteria for odour assessment, including established regulations for its content and control in ambient air to minimize harmful impacts in the area of source enterprises.

Contribution:
Budarina O.V. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing the article;
Skovronskaya S.A. – collection and processing of the material, editing the article;
Goshin M.E. – collection and processing of the material, editing the article;
Sabirova Z.F. – editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. 1023032300263-5-3.3.5.

Received: February 7, 2025 / Revised:  February 25, 2025 / Accepted: April 8, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. The relevance of optimizing medical and preventive measures for occupation-related arterial hypertension is determined by the significant prevalence of the disease among workers in hazardous industries and the social significance of the disease. The validity of studying the addition of psychophysiological effects to drug therapy is associated with a sufficient volume of research proving the pathogenetic role of chronic stress in the development of arterial hypertension.

The purpose. To study of the effectiveness of the psychophysiological component of medical and preventive measures for occupation-related arterial hypertension.

Materials and methods. An observational comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of programs of resonance-acoustic oscillations in patients with arterial hypertension working in conditions where hygienic standards for indicators of industrial noise, heating microclimate, and labour intensity exceeded the norms. The study was conducted using dynamic monitoring of arterial pressure indices before and after sessions of psychophysiological correction conducted against the background of individually selected hypotensive therapy. The comparison group included patients with arterial hypertension of the same enterprise who received only drug therapy.

Results. Positive trend were revealed in the form of a decrease in clinical blood pressure (BP), average daily and average night-time BP values, and arterial pressure variability after sessions of psychophysiological correction conducted against the background of individually selected hypotensive therapy. The effectiveness of the impact of resonance-acoustic oscillation programs in the main group was established in the form of a decrease in clinical systolic BP, average daily systolic BP, and average night-time systolic BP relative to similar indices in the examined control group.

Limitations. The patients were workers in the aircraft engineering industry, working in conditions where hygienic standards for industrial noise, heating microclimate, and labour intensity were exceeded. It is difficult to isolate the leading factor causing hypertension. The data are limited to voluntary study participants.

Conclusions. The effectiveness of the psychophysiological component of medical and preventive measures for occupation-related arterial hypertension has been established.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted according to the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013). Voluntary informed consent was received from all participants.

Contribution:
Sheenkova M.V. – the concept and design of the study, results discussion, editing;
Gavrilchenko D.S. – data collection and processing, statistical analysis, writing text, results discussion;
Shirokov V.A. – writing text, results discussion, editing;
Podoprigora V.A. – data collection, results discussion;
Novikova A.V. – data collection, results discussion.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding.The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 21, 2025 / Accepted: April 29, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. The Yaroslavl region is one of the most industrially developed regions of the country. One of the leading industries is the petrochemical industry. This industry makes a significant contribution to the pollution of the environment with heavy metals. Microelements of heavy metals are capable of bioaccumulation in the human body, which can have an extremely negative impact on the health of oil refinery workers.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of the content of heavy metals in environmental objects and in the biosubstrates in workers in the petrochemical industry of the Yaroslavl region.

Materials and methods. This study is experimental. The study group included fifty workers of the petrochemical industry of Yaroslavl. The content of such elements as zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper in hair samples and soil was determined using the method of inversion voltammetry. Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed using the Attestat and Microsoft Excel 2003 software. The Mann-Whitney criterion and Student’s t-criterion were calculated. Statistically significant differences were recognized at p < 0.05.

Results. We determined that the average concentrations of all the elements under consideration in the workers’ biosubstrates exceed the reference values. Reliable differences in the content of the metals under consideration (zinc, cadmium, copper) were obtained in the biosubstrates of office and shop floor employees. An increase in the concentration of the above-mentioned metals was also revealed as the length of service at the enterprise increased. The content of heavy metals in the soil was evaluated by two indicators: according to the total soil pollution indicator, all the samples under consideration are classified as very highly polluted; no excesses were found when compared with the maximum permissible concentrations taking into account the soil type.

Limitations. The name of the enterprise on the basis of which the material was collected will not appear in the materials of the work, since representatives of this company did not give official permission to announce the results of the study with reference to the name of a specific plant. In addition, data constituting a commercial secret were used to substantiate the results of the study. Commercial secrets are protected by the law “On Commercial Secrets” dated 29.07.2004 No. 98-Federal Law.

Conclusion. The petrochemical industry makes a certain contribution to environmental pollution, which may adversely affect the health of workers at the enterprise under study.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Krylova P.P. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Eremeyshvili A.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing, approval of the manuscript final version, responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 21, 2025 / Revised: February 21, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

For quite a long time, working in an office was considered as an example of relatively safe work, taking into account the fact that in the workplace in most offices there are no traditional harmful factors of the working environment and the labour process: noise, vibration, aerosols, and harmful chemicals, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, biological substrates, etc. However, in recent decades, the working conditions and health in office workers have become increasingly alarming to specialists around the world.

The purpose of the work. Analysis of factors of the production environment and the labour process in modern offices and their impact on the health in employees: a review of foreign and domestic scientific research.

To conduct research on this topic, an extensive search of foreign and domestic literature was performed using various databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, elibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, and RSCI. During this search, special attention was paid to the PubMed database.

Results. In fact, work in the office does not always remain absolutely safe for the health in an employee, who is affected by a complex of ergonomic and other psychosocial factors characteristic of the office, but not included in the special assessment of working conditions.

Conclusion. The analysis of modern scientific literature shows that despite the absence of traditional harmful factors of the working environment and the labour process, the staff of modern offices is affected by a whole range of internal factors of the office environment – indoor air quality (microclimate, aerosols, chemical, biological pollution, air ionization), external physical factors, ergonomics, intensity and intensity of work, psychosocial factors.

Contribution:
Masyagutova L.M. – research concept and design, data collection and processing, text writing;
Sadrtdinova G.R. – writing the text, selection and translation of literature;
Stepanov E.G. – writing the text, editing;
Kaibyshev V.T. – data collection and processing, text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study was not sponsored.

Received: November 15, 2024 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. The health of medical students is a necessary condition for the formation of competent professionals in the field of prevention. One of the factors ensuring the preservation of students’ health is the physiologically sound management of the educational process at the university, which requires an assessment of the difficulty of the disciplines of the curriculum. The lack of elaboration of this issue leads to errors in planning the academic load, mental and emotional overstrain and acts as a risk factor for reducing the health of students.

Material and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Faculty of Medicine and Prevention of the Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov. The object of the study was 5-year students (fifty seven people). According to the results of a sociological study, the difficulty of communal hygiene, occupational hygiene, food hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, and the duration of extracurricular self-training were studied. The students’ performance was studied by the method of proof-reading studies using the Anfimov tables daily in the course of the academic week (Monday to Friday) at the beginning and end of the practical lesson.

Results. The study showed significantly less difficulty for students to study the hygiene in children and adolescents (4 points) compared with food, labour, and communal hygiene, the difficulty of which had similar values (6.3–6.5 points). The revealed differences in difficulty according to the results of self-assessment correlated well with the duration of extracurricular self-training and were confirmed by reliable direct correlations.  The increase in the average coefficient of working capacity in students in the course of the academic week in classes on hygiene of children and adolescents, as well as a significant increase in the proportion of students with a decrease in working capacity in classes on food hygiene and communal hygiene on Friday compared with Mondays confirm the revealed differences in difficulties according to subjective self-assessment.

Limitations. The objectives of the study did not include studying the factors influencing students’ subjective assessment of the difficulty of the subjects studied.

Conclusion. Consequently, the results of self-assessment of the difficulty of the studied disciplines, supplemented by data from the timing of extracurricular self-training, can be used to build scales of difficulty of specialized academic disciplines at the medical and Preventive Faculty of the medical University.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Ryazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Dementiev A.A. – research concept and design, material collection and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Kiryushin V.A. – editing;
Tsurgan A.M. – collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;
Motalova T.V., Solovyov D.A., Korshunova E.P. – material collection and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 13, 2024 / Revised: December 7, 2024 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Long-term and low-dose exposure to technogenic chemical compounds (using phenol as an example) mediates disruption of immune regulation mechanisms and increases the risk of allergic diseases in preschool children.

Materials and methods. The study included 4–7 years children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, living in an area where the average daily dose of airborne exposure to phenol was 0.00408 mg/(kg×day), the maximum single dose was 0.01632 mg/(kg×day). The study groups were created according to the criterion of blood phenol biocontamination (p=0.033): Sixty nine children in the observation group; 105 in the reference group. The study relied on using cytofluorometry, enzyme immunoassay and allergosorbent research methods.

Results. In the observation group, the population of CD8⁺, CD19⁺ cells was found to be significantly (p=0.005–0.048) increased by 50% and CD95⁺ cells by 15%; the number of cell phenotypes of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127 ^–-lymphocytes by 70% and AnnexinV-FITC⁺7AAD⁺-cells by 40% against a 10% decrease in lymphocytes expressing the HLA-DR marker relative to the values established in the reference group. Intergroup comparison of the level of specific sensitization revealed the titer of IgG specific to phenol to be by 15% higher in the children from the observation against the levels established in the reference group (p=0.010). The results of mathematical modelling demonstrated the dependence of hyperproduction of IgG specific to phenol on the phenol levels in blood (RR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.10–1.93).

Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the limited sample size in the surveyed groups of the child population.

Conclusion. Thus, a specific immunological phenotype is formed in children with atopic dermatitis from the observation group and increased bioexposure to phenol. It is characterized by an imbalance in the parameters of immune regulation and specific sensitization such as the number of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^-, HLA-DR and Annexin V-FITC⁺7AAD⁺ lymphocytes, as well as IgG specific to phenol, forming an increased relative risk of developing atopic reactions (RR=1.46). This allows recommending these indicator parameters as markers of effect for identifying and reducing the risk of developing immune regulatory disorders in exposed to phenol children with atopic dermatitis.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Traumatology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 4 on May 16, 2023. All legal representatives of the participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Dianova D.G. – development of the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of data, writing the text;
Dolgikh O.V. – development of the concept of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship

Received: April 8, 2025 / Revised:  April 15, 2025 / Accepted: April 30, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Distance learning (DL) is widespread in higher education institutions. The COVID-19 epidemic has led to the transfer of only DL to students in most countries of the world. However, the use of DL is associated with a number of health risk factors. The purpose of the review was to study the impact of DL on the health in students.

A literature search was conducted using PubMed and elibrary.ru search engines. The initial search allowed identifying forty five thousand seven hundred eighty eight reports, after an independent assessment by two experts, there are still 47 full-text reports containing original data on the impact on the health in students.

The analysis of the topics of reports allowed establishing all publications to  be devoted to the study of the impact of DL on the health in students during the COVID-19 epidemic, which does not allow differentiating the impact of DL on health from the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. Most studies do not compare the detected changes in health status during traditional training (TT) and DL. The main complaints of students, which were more common than among schoolchildren, were complaints of painful sensations in the eyes, decreased vision, and sleep disorders. The revealed changes in mental status (anxiety, depressive manifestations) are rather determined not by the presence of DL, but by the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. The transition to DL also led to an increase in students’ body weight, a decrease in physical fitness, and a deterioration of the cardiovascular system. More pronounced changes in the state of health were noted in girls.

Conclusion. The identified adverse changes in the health of students in the DL conditions can be minimized by using DL in combination with TT and compliance with hygienic requirements for the managing of training.

Contribution:
Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing;
Kuznetsova, L.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;
Onishchenko G.G — the concept of the study, editing the final text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: December 4, 2024 / Revised:  January 9, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. The production of vending drinking water using additional special equipment (vading devices, aquamines), puts forward the need to ensure additional control of its safety for human health.

The purpose of this study was to provide a hygienic assessment of the effectiveness of the pretreatment of bottled drinking water sold to the population via aquamats.

Materials and methods. The objects of research conducted in 2020–2021 were source and bottled drinking water sold to the population through aquamats on the territory of the Moscow and Kirov regions, Yekaterinburg. The study of water quality was carried out according to organoleptic, sanitary-chemical and microbiological indices in accredited laboratories of the Hygiene and Epidemiology Centers in the Moscow region, the Kirov region and in Yekaterinburg.

Results. The proportion of source water samples from centralized drinking water supply systems in populated areas and water intake wells that do not comply with hygienic standards amounted to 58% and 70%, respectively. Drinking water prepared in aquamates in 98% of the samples did not comply with hygienic standards when taking source water from the water supply system and in 64% of the samples – when using water brought in cisterns from artesian wells. Water treatment using ion exchange softening of water in aquamates led to an increase in the sodium and chloride ions concentration above hygienic standards.

Limitations. The number and names of the studied indices for each control point were selected individually based on the expediency of control and were different for various points and sources, which made their comparison to a certain extent conditional.

Conclusion. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of preventive measures, both on the choice of source water sources and on measures for additional water treatment in aquamates.

Compliance with ethical standards. The trial does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Sinitsyna O.O. – concept and design of the study, text editing;
Bragina I.V. – concept and design of the study;
Gildenskiold O.A. – research design, collection and processing of material;
Strekacheva L.V. – collection and processing of material, text writing;
Turbinsky V.V. – text writing and editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study was conducted with the sponsorship of the Association of Manufacturers of Bottled Drinking Water.

Received: December 9, 2024 / Revised: January 16, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Evaluation and correction of the actual nutrition in high-class freestyle athletes play an important role in terms of optimizing nutritional status and ensuring performance under increased energy expenditure of the body, which determines the high relevance of conducting research on this issue.

Materials and methods. A total of thirty four athletes were invited to participate in a pilot study of actual nutrition using remote communication technologies. The data of 12 men and 9 women (highly skilled freestyle skiers, aged of 22±1 and 21±1 years, respectively) were assessed. The collection and processing of information was carried out in the web service “Scientific Instrument for Nutrition Analysis” after training athletes and coaches by an experienced specialist-interviewer of the Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology using independent daily recording of food consumption. A special feature of independent diary keeping in the program is visualization (the presence of an album of more than 7,000 dishes and products). Macronutrient consumption (absolute, specific, contribution of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to the energy value of the diet) was assessed.

Results. The average energy value of the diets in athletes of both sexes and the consumption of macronutrients in absolute units was found to fail to correspond to the lower limit of the requirement in 75% of respondents, while the goal of weight loss was indicated by 4 (45%) women and 3 (25%) men. In men, the absolute consumption of energy and carbohydrates was higher than in women by 1.5 (p = 0.007) and 1.4 times (p = 0.034), respectively, proteins – 1.3 times (p = 0.041), fats – 1.6 times (p = 0.004). At the same time, the specific consumption of macronutrients and energy between the sexes did not differ statistically. The share of proteins and fats in the structure of the caloric content of the diet was extremely high (20 and 22%; 41 and 37%) with a low quota of carbohydrates (39 and 41%) in men and women, respectively.

Limitations. The NIAP web service provides the possibility of remote nutrition assessment based on respondents’ food diaries filled in online.

Conclusion. An assessment of the nutrition in freestyle skiers revealed a low energy value of the diets and an imbalance in the consumption of essential nutrients, which is partly due to the task of reducing the athletes’ body weight. To optimize diets and create a favorable metabolic status for athletes, it is advisable to provide for the position of a full-time dietitian/nutritionist in sports federations.

Compliance with ethical standards. The research protocol within the framework of the implementation of Fundamental Research No. FGMF-2025-0002 was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Kobelkova I.V. – Concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;
Seledkova Y.A. – concept and design of the study, statistical analysis, data analysis and interpretation, writing the text;
Korosteleva M.M. – writing the text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgments. Authors would like to express our gratitude to the Russian Freestyle Federation, represented by A.N. Kurashov, M.S. Nosov, V.V. Zebzeev, A.I. Lukina, K.N. Kireev, S.A. Lazarenko, D.R. Zakirov, M.F. Tomilin, A.I. Ponkratova for their active interest and assistance in managing the study.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of funds allocated for the implementation of the state assignment of Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology (No. FGMF-2025-0002).

Received: December 20, 2025 / Revised: April 12, 2025 / Accepted: April 30, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. People’s satisfaction with food safety and quality is an important component of overall satisfaction with a sanitary-epidemiological situation on a given territory. It is based on consumer criteria of quality and safety, which do not have the same significance.

The aim of this study was to assess satisfaction with food quality and safety in population in Russian megacities determined relying on consumer criteria.

Materials and methods. The study involved accomplishing a formalized survey, which was conducted in Novosibirsk and Perm among people aged 18 years and older (river sampling, quotas per age, sex and place of residence). Data were collected over the period between October 6, 2024 and November 6, 2024. A specifically designed survey tool was used in the process, which enabled calculating an integral index of satisfaction for each respondent.

Results. Several key criteria were named by consumers to detect a product quality for all product groups such as ‘freshness; expiration date has not been reached’ (this criterion is among top five for all product groups suggested for evaluation); ‘pleasant taste’; ‘conforms to State Standards (GOST), quality standards’. Safety criteria determined by consumers included ‘storage under proper conditions’; ‘absence of any strange taste’; ‘expiration date has not been reached’. Significance of these criteria varied depending on consumers’ sex, age, family situation and economic status. The lowest level of consumer satisfaction with product quality, according to the integral index estimation, was identified for soft drinks (21.4 % of consumers were unsatisfied, the index value was ≤0.4) and vegetables (19.7%); the lowest level of satisfaction with food safety was identified for eggs (27.9% of consumers unsatisfied, the index value was ≤0.4), bread and bakery products (26.6%), poultry (23.9%), meat and meat products (23.8%), milk and milk products (22.6%). Satisfaction with food safety is a) lower than satisfaction with quality, b) is different in various socio-demographic groups.

Limitations. The research object was represented by people who live in cities with their population exceeding 1 million; a sample was created by using non-random techniques and this resulted in its deviation from a total population per several social and demographic parameters (this deviation was partially compensated for by using the weighting procedure).

Conclusion. It is important to consider consumers’ satisfaction with food quality and safety when developing activities aimed at communications with executive regional and local authorities in RF regions as well as with population as regards the existing sanitary-epidemiological situation. Various managerial actions have been recommended depending on how people are distributed per categories of satisfaction, which were created using the results obtained by estimations based on the integral index.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in accordance with the ethical principles stated in The ICC/ESOMAR International Code on Market, Opinion and Social Research and Data Analytics, the Ethical Code of the International Sociological Association (ISA), and the Ethical Code of the Russian Society of Sociologists. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Lebedeva-Nesevria N.A. – the concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Barg A.O. – data analysis, writing text;
Sirkovskaya T.V. – literature review, material collection and primary data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 19, 2025 / Revised: March 3, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

The widespread use of antibacterial veterinary drugs in agriculture and animal husbandry leads to the accumulation of their residues in food products. Hygienic rationing of veterinary drug residues according to the criteria of acceptable health risk is a key aspect of food safety. Antibacterial drugs have an adverse toxic effect, cause disturbances in the gut microbiota, and contribute to the formation of antibiotic resistance. A systematic review of the criteria used to establish acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of veterinary drugs as the basis for the development of maximum permissible levels of their content in food – is relevant.

Objective of the study is the analysis of existing methodological approaches and criteria for justification of hygienic standards of residues of antibacterial veterinary drugs in food products.

A systematic review of literature sources (PRISMA) was carried out to evaluate approaches to the establishment of ADI, considering toxicological and microbiological aspects, as well as the formation of resistant strains of microorganisms. Criteria for establishing ADI have been developed for the adverse effects of veterinary drugs related to toxic effects and suppression of gut microflora. These criteria consist of establishing non-action levels on the macroorganism (NOAEL, BMD) and minimum inhibitory concentrations for microorganisms. Analysis of the recommended developed ADIs revealed many veterinary medicinal products ADIs to have been developed taking into account the limiting criterion. However, due to the lack of a methodological approach, the risk of antibiotic resistance formation was not taken into account in the development of ADIs.

Conclusion. to establish ADI and further hygienic standardization, it is necessary to investigate all aspects of the advers effects of veterinary drugs with the establishment of starting points. It is advisable to justify the standard on the basis of the limiting indicator of harmfulness (expressed as the minimum value of the ADI of all criteria).

Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design, writing text;
Shur P.Z. – study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of results, writing text;
Zelenkin S.E., Suvorov D.V. – study concept and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 19, 2025 / Revised: March 17, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

The first part of the review, “Microbial risks associated with microplastics in the food chain and possible control measures”, examined the pathways by which microplastics enter the human digestive tract and mechanisms of their adverse effects mediated by interactions with the microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier.

This part of the review is devoted to the mechanism of microbial biofilm forming directly contacting wth the the mucin layer of the mucosa, formed on micro- and nanoplastics, and their role as vectors of transfer of pathogenic microorganisms, their toxins, and genes of transmissible antimicrobial resistance. It is shown that the surfaces of micro- and nanoplastic particles in various objects of the food chain can serve as an adhesive framework for bacteria, microalgae, viruses, a number of micromycetes, as well as low molecular weight microbial metabolites and other biomolecules. It is noted that in associations of micro- and nanoplastics with bacteria, protozoa, and microalgae, among which there may be pathogens of food toxic infections and invasions, the functional properties of the latter change, virulence often increases, as well as elevates antimicrobial resistance due to the fixing effect of biofilm and better survival of microorganisms in the presence of nutrient substrate in the so-called “protein crown” (inner layer of biofilm). It is emphasized that bacteria possessing mucolytic and proteolytic enzymes, in particular, representatives of the genus Vibrio and Pseudomonadaceae, are particularly active in biofilms, which aggravates the share of these pathogens in the structure of modern acute intestinal infections and food poisoning. Examples are given that ingestion of such complexes in the human gastrointestinal tract can cause an abnormally acute response of the mucosal immune system, which in turn can be a trigger factor of the polyclonal response underlying atopy. The data on the possibility of microplastic biofilms contaminating fish and seafood, primarily obtained in aqua- and mariculture, toxins of cyanobacteria dangerous for humans in low doses are presented.

Taking into account the described nature of microbiological risks associated with contamination of foodstuffs and other objects of the food chain with micro- and nanoplastic particles associated with microbial biofilms and the reality of direct and indirect harm to human health caused by them, the review formulates the necessity of substantiation of preventive countermeasures and consumer protection, and gives specific examples of their implementation in the food industry.

Contribution:
Markova Yu.M., Smotrina Yu.V. – data collection and processing, writing text, editing;
Bykova I.B., Polyanina A.S., Stetsenko V.V. – data collection and processing;
Efimochkina N.R. – writing text, editing;
Sheveleva S.A. – conception of the study, writing text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. This work was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research project of the Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation No FGMF-2023-0005.

Received: November 15, 2024 / Revised: March 7, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Cadmium poses a serious threat to human health. The main target organs in cadmium intoxication are the liver, kidneys, and skeletal system. Cadmium damages the antioxidant system and induces the development of oxidative stress, leading to structural and metabolic changes in the liver. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying liver diseases can help in the development of strategies for establishing markers for their accurate and timely diagnosis.

The aim of the work is to assess the degree of hepatotoxicity of various doses of cadmium during long-term exposure based on morphological and biochemical indices.

Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on outbred male rats. For six months, rats were intragastrically administered an aqueous solution of Cd chloride in doses from 0.001 to 1.0 mg / kg b.w. Morphological studies of the liver structure were carried out. Lipid metabolism indices (triglycerides and cholesterol) were studied. Dose-response curves were constructed.

Results. The studies showed cadmium, when administered over a long period of time, to have a significant toxic effect on the liver structure. The slope of the dose-response curve obtained for the TG level has a more pronounced curvature than the slope of the curve for the serum HCT level. A high slope indicates that small changes in the dose lead to significant changes in the effect.

Limitations. For an objective assessment of cadmium hepatotoxicity under long-term exposure to different doses, it is necessary to take into account the degree of change in a large number of biochemical indices, as well as perform morphometric studies of the liver tissue.

Conclusion. With prolonged administration to laboratory animals at doses from 0.001 to 1.0 mg/kg b.w., cadmium has a pronounced dose-dependent hepatotoxic effect, characterized by disturbances in lipid metabolism (dyslipidemia) and changes in liver structure.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the bioethical commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (meeting minutes No. 01-10, 10/09/2024), conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contributions:
Khmel A.O. – data processing, text writing;
Repina E.F., Ryabova Yu.V. – text writing, editing;
Karimov D.O., Valova Y.V. – concept and design of the study;
Smolyankin D.A., Baygildin S.S., Akhmadeev A.R. – collection and processing of data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The work was carried out as part of the state assignment for the industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) “Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” for 2021-2025. clause 6.1.9, state no. registration 121062100057-1.

Received: December 4, 2024 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Herbicides have been one of the most effective weed control agents for many decades. They account for more than half of all registered pesticides. In the modern list of herbicides, more than a quarter of all active substances are compounds belonging to the class of sulfonylurea derivatives. Taking into account the specific aspects of the use of pesticides, the requirements for their toxicological and hygienic assessment are increasing every year. Among the promising drugs for the control of annual and some perennial weeds in the cultivation of grain crops, new combined products containing chlorosulfuron are being identified.

Aim of the study. To establish the degree of damaging effect with prolonged administration, under the chronic action of drugs based on chlorsulfuron on the body.

Materials and methods. In the acute experiment, outbred sexually mature white male rats weighing 220-240 g were used. Each experimental group consisted of twenty animals (10 to determine hematological and biochemical indices and 10 to determine physiological indices). The statistical group included 6 animals. Chlorsulfuron was administered with a metal probe in a 30% solution into the stomach. Doses of 0.5, 5.0, 25, and 50 mg/kg b.w. The toxic effect was judged by changes in integral, hematological, biochemical and physiological indices. A morphofunctional assessment of the long-term effects of chlorsulfuron on the body in warm-blooded animals was carried out. At the end of chronic exposure to chlorsulfuron, 13 organs of rats were collected during necropsy, histological preparations were prepared, and morphological, morphometric, and stereometric analysis of micropreparations was carried out.

Limitations. When choosing toxicometric parameters for chlorsulfuronic acid, the intragroup number of rats is 6–8 individuals, depending on the tasks being solved, which is a sufficient reference sample.

Conclusion. In a chronic 12-month experiment on conventional white male rats, at all times of the study on animals of the experimental groups that received a.i. chlorsulfuron in doses of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg b.w. Five times a week, no statistically significant changes were detected for all studied causes, hematological and biochemical indices. Statistically significant changes in the studied parameters detected in animals of the experimental groups receiving chlorsulfuron in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.

Compliance with ethical standards. Study approved of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Research Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman (Protocol of the Ethics Commission No. 01/22 dated 27.20.2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Bagreev A.Y. – design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Rakitskiy V.N. — research concept and design, editing;
Bagreeva D.I. – processing of material, writing the text;
Vostrikova M.V. — collection and processing of material.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 18, 2025 / Revised: March 14 , 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Microplastics pose a significant health threat due to their toxicity and capacity for bioaccumulation. Although studies have confirmed their detrimental effects on biological systems, the mechanisms governing particle accumulation and particle distributions have not been sufficiently studied.

The aim of our study was to develop and experimentally validate a semi-quantitative method to assess these processes on the base of investigation of the distribution of plastic microparticles in the organism under acute in vivo experimental conditions using a semi-quantitative method.

Materials and methods. Twelve female Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Animals received intracardiac injections of polystyrene microparticle suspensions (100, 500, and 1000 nm in diameter) or physiological saline solution. The accumulation of microparticles in six organs was evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring method based on fluorescence microscopy and a rank-scale assessment. Data were analyzed using bootstrap methods with Holm–Bonferroni corrections, and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results. Following intracardiac administration, polystyrene microparticles measuring 100, 500, and 1000 nm were detected in the liver, kidneys, and lungs. They localized primarily in hepatic triads, the renal cortex, and the acinar regions and alveolar ducts of the lungs. The highest levels were observed upon administration of 1000-nm particles. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed liver and lung tissues to accumulate significantly more microparticles of the 1000-nm in size, while the kidneys showed greater accumulation of the 100-nm particles.

Limitations. This study was limited to examining the distribution of three microparticle size groups in a single animal model (laboratory rats, only 3 animals in each group) under acute toxicological conditions.

Conclusion. The intensity and abundance of fluorescent tissue elements depend on particle size and may be associated with the formation of microparticle conglomerates. While the semi-quantitative method allowed identifying certain distribution patterns, further research involving quantitative approaches is required to enhance the accuracy and specificity of these findings.

Compliance with ethical standards. All experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with European Convention standards for the protection of vertebrate animals used for research and other scientific purposes. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Approval No. 01-10 from October 9, 2024).

Contribution:
Ahmadeev A.R. – conducting the experiment, data collection and processing, writing the text, preparing figures;
Ryabova Yu.V. – research concept and design, writing the text;
Karimov D.O. – research concept and design, scientific editing of the text; Khusnutdinova N.Yu. – conducting the experiment; Kudoyarov E.R. – data collection and processing, writing the text; Valova Ya.V. – research concept and design, data collection and processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the sectoral research program of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for 2021–2025.

Received: December 23, 2024 / Revised: January 15, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Modern methods for assessing the combined effects of chemicals include mathematical processing of data that does not take into account changes at the molecular level.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the combined effect of chemicals based on the quantification of blood plasma proteins in a biological model (using the example of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benzo(a)pyrene)

Materials and methods. Using chemical-analytical, statistical, proteomic, and bioinformatic analysis methods, an assessment of the combined effect of chemical substances was carried out in an experiment on Wistar rats.

Results. The combined action of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benz(a)pyrene causes disturbances at the molecular level, including activation of oxidative stress, changes in the regulation of intracellular processes, suppression of the activity of the cycle and cell functions. The combined action of the substances studied according to the criterion of changes in protein expression is assessed as synergistic. This indicates to an increase in the effect of the combined action of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benz(a)pyrene relative to their isolated exposure.

Limitations. The conducted study does not allow drawing final conclusions about the specifics of the combined action of the studied chemicals, since the method used has limitations in the number of identified proteins.

Conclusion. The established molecular effects of the combined action of the studied chemical substances (mainly of a synergistic nature) expand theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of their toxicity, approaches to early detection, and justification of measures to prevent risk-induced human health disorders.

Compliance with ethical standards. Experimental studies on a biological model were carried out in compliance with the requirements of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123). The studies were approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (minutes of meeting No. 1 of 04.02.2021).

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 20, 2025 / Revised:  March 13, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. The study is devoted to the investigation of the effect of chronic stress on the toxic effect of paracetamol on the liver in rats. Paracetamol, widely used as an analgesic and antipyretic, can cause hepatotoxicity associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress when overdosed. Antioxidant mechanisms of the body’s defense include key genes such as Hmox1, Sod1, and Nqo1, which regulate the redox balance. Chronic stress reduces glutathione levels, which increases the vulnerability of the liver to toxic effects.

The purpose of the work is to assess the toxicity of paracetamol in rats under the influence of chronic stress to develop new preventive approaches.

Materials and methods. The experiment involved four groups of white outbred rats (6 males and 6 females), which were administered paracetamol (1000 mg/kg) and modelled chronic stress.

Results. Morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses were performed, and the liver weight coefficient was detected. In males, the liver weight coefficient varied: the minimum value (25.02) was recorded in the Stress group, the maximum (32.27) in the control group (p=0.001). In females in the «Stress» group, it was 34.77, which is lower compared to the «Paracetamol» (39.21; p=0.017) and «Paracetamol+Stress» (39.24; p=0.026) groups. Histomorphological analysis revealed signs of necrosis and inflammation with combined exposure. Genetic analysis showed an increase in Sod1 gene expression in males in the «Stress» group (p=0.001) and the highest Nqo1 level in the group with combined exposure to factors. Biochemical changes included decreased AST and ALT levels under stress and paracetamol.

Limitations. For the experiment, laboratory animals of one biological species were used, and the toxicant was used in the only one concentration.

Conclusion. The obtained results highlight the need for further study of the interaction of chronic stress and toxic factors for the development of preventive measures.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (Approval No. 01-02 from 08.02.2024). Throughout the study, the animals were kept in standard conditions with 12-hour artificial lighting during the daytime, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. All animal manipulations were carried out in strict compliance with the rules prescribed in the basic regulatory documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Helsinki Declaration on the Humane Treatment of Animals.

Contribution:
Gizatullina A.A. – study concept and design, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text;
Karimov D.O. – study concept and design, statistical processing;
Yakupova T.G., Ryabova Yu.V., Kudoyarov E.R., Khusnutdinova N.Yu. – collection and processing of material;
Valova Ya.V. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Smolyankin D.A. – editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) for 2021–2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, on the topic: 6.9.1.2 “Study of the impact of chemical production factors under conditions of chronic stress” No. NIOKTR I124021200153-3.

Received: January 30, 2025 / Revised: March 5, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

Introduction. Heavy metals are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants primarily due to their ability to bioaccumulate and high toxicity even in low concentrations.

The aim of the study was to investigate the nephrotoxic effect of aluminum upon oral administration of aluminum hydroxide to rats in various doses under subchronic experimental conditions.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on white outbred rats of both sexes. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (C) and 3 experimental groups. To assess the toxic effect of the metal, animals of the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd experimental groups were administered aluminum hydroxide solution orally in three working doses 5 times a week for 2 months. Total RNA isolated from kidney tissue samples was used for genetic studies. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR using oligonucleotide-specific primers in the presence of the intercalating dye SYBR Green. Biochemical and histological analysis was performed using standard methods.

Results. As a result, biochemical parameters did not demonstrate a picture characteristic of kidney damage. Histological analysis also did not reveal pronounced dystrophic and necrotic changes in the renal structures after 2 months of intoxication. However, the analysis of the expression fold of the MT1a и Mt2a genes established the expected gain in the transcriptional activity of genes in response to the introduction of aluminum hydroxide. The expression of the Mt1a gene was increased by 1.5 times relative to the control in the group with the maximum dose of the toxicant. Whereas the expression of the Mt2a gene showed greater sensitivity and demonstrated a 1.4-fold increase already at a dose of 0.015 mg/kg, and at the maximum dose it exceeded the control values ​​by 2.5 times.

Limitations. The study was performed on a limited number of animals of one biological species.

Conclusion. The obtained results allow considering the expression of metallothionein genes as a more sensitive and earlier indicator of metal intoxication compared to classical diagnostic methods.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (minutes of the meeting No. 01-02 dated 08.02.2024), conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (2013 edition).

Contribution:
Valova Ya.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of data, statistical processing, writing the text;
Gizatullina A.A., Ryabova Yu.V., Karimov D.D., Akhmadeev A.R., Smolyankin D.A. — collection of data and data processing;
Repina E.F. — editing;
Kudoyarov E.R. — statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing for 2021-2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, on the topic: “Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of the impact of toxic metals on the body and the development of preventive measures” No. NIOKTR I124021200153-3

Received: January 31, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

The number of registered chemicals has doubled over the past seven years to 200 million compounds. Currently, the development of alternative research methods is becoming increasingly important. The methods of cross-reading and machine learning are of the greatest interest to researchers.

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of read-across and machine learning methods used in predicting the toxicity of chemicals.

A search was conducted for regulatory legal acts on two information and legal portals – ConsultantPlus and Garant.ru. The search for scientific literature was conducted using the PubMed database, the Cyberleninka scientific electronic library and the eLIBRARY electronic library using keywords such as "read-across", "toxicity prediction", "machine learning", and their analogues in Russian. The reports in Russian and English for the last 25 years have been selected, taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The conducted review showed the multidirectional application of read-across and machine learning in predicting the toxicity of chemicals. Despite the fact that there is a number of limitations to the use of these methods, a number of studies have demonstrated sufficient reliability and accuracy of their use. The combined use of read-across and machine learning will allow more effective predicting of chemical toxicity.

Conclusion. The conducted review showed the multidirectional application of read-across and machine learning in predicting the toxicity of chemicals. Despite the fact that there is a number of limitations to the use of these methods, a number of studies have demonstrated sufficient reliability and accuracy of their use. The combined use of read-across and machine learning will allow more effective predicting the chemical toxicity.

Contribution:
Guseva E.A. – research concept and design, material collection and data processing, text writing;
Nikolayeva N.I. – editing;
Savranets E.V., Zhantlisova D.M. – material collection and data processing;
Onishchenko G.G. – editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 15, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

The intensive use of nanomaterials and their unique physicochemical characteristics determine the relevance of establishing their effects on the body. Nanoparticles (NPs) are able to penetrate deep into the lungs causing pathophysiological response, but the patterns of their intrapulmonary biodistribution remain understudied. Our objective was to analyze recent publications describing the main routes of entry and pulmonary distribution of nanoparticles in mammals following inhalation exposure.

We analyzed scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals since 2000, indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and found using PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. Studies of toxicokinetics of particles larger than 100 nm were not eligible for inclusion in the review.

We found unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and exposure duration to contribute the most to the development and course of pathological processes. Cells of the immune system, especially macrophages, play a major role in the distribution, clearance, and deposition of inhaled NPs. Elimination of nanoparticles usually occurs through the mucociliary escalator, either by phagocytosis or translocation to other organs and tissues.

Conclusion. A wide range of adverse effects of nanoparticles on living systems necessitates further research concerning the patterns of their toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics.

Contribution:
Shabardina L.V. – data collection and processing, draft manuscript preparation;
Bateneva V.A. – data collection and processing;
Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A. – study conception and design, editing;
Fedotova L.A. – editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 18, 2025 / Accepted: April 29, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

The war set the primary tasks of preventing epidemics and strengthening the rear for health workers, including sanitary doctors and epidemiologists. The main areas of this work were provision the army with uniforms; creating means of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases; developing and improving disinfectants, conducting disinfection, disinsection, and deratization; air defense and anti-chemical defense, equipping bomb and gas shelters; protecting public utilities and food products; managing sanitary supervision of the movement of defense industry enterprises to the rear, and conducting sanitary measures in deoccypied territories.During the Great Patriotic War, the activities of the Erisman Central Research Sanitary Institute of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR (now the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) were aimed at ensuring the sanitary wellbeing of the front and the rear. The Department of Occupational Hygiene, created in 1942 at the Erisman Central Research Sanitary Institute, carried out research aimed at maintaining the health of workers in defense industry enterprises. One of the important areas of the Institute’s activities during the war years was the development of the school department. In the conditions of evacuation and the changing educational process, it was necessary to adapt the educational programs to the requirements of wartime. The Institute provided assistance to areas liberated from occupation. Research staff gave lectures and talks, instructed workers on the restoration of destroyed villages, cleaning, and water supply. The Institute supplied equipment, apparatus, and reagents to sanitary and bacteriological. During the Great Patriotic War, the institute’s employees selflessly gave all their strength, knowledge and experience at the front and in the rear, bringing the Victory closer. According to archival data, eighty employees of the Erisman Central Research Sanitary Institute participated in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of laboratories of the number of cities anfall the employees who went through the trials of war and the difficulties of post-war reconstruction of the country is carefully preserved by the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Rospotrebnadzor.

Contribution:
Gavrilenko O.L. – collection of literature data, writing the text, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article, approval of the final version of the article;
Sidelnikova E.V. – collection of literature data, writing the text, editing;
Karibzhanyants V.V. – collection of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 11, 2025 / Accepted: March 26 / Published: June 27, 202

Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, our country needed for an unified scientific and methodological center for nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases. In 1940, the Central Research Disinfection Institute of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the USSR became such an institution (now – Institute of Disinfectology of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman). From December 1941 to May 1943 the Institute was evacuated to Kazan, but its work did not stop. Over the difficult time for the country, the scientists of the Institute were working on the search for new means and improvement of methods to control vectors of dangerous infectious diseases. Special attention was paid to pediculosis and chamber treatment of clothes as an extremely urgent problem during the war. The search and introduction of means for disinfection of textile and surfaces for intestinal and airborne infections was carried out. A laboratory for control of bandaging material was established on the basis of the Institute. Active work was carried out to develop methods of disinfection of drinking water. Employees of the Institute, often risking their own lives, provided assistance in foci of infectious diseases, conducted qualification courses for disinfection doctors on the basis of the Institute, trained and consulted disinfectors and other practitioners throughout our country. From the first days of the war, the workers of the Institute began to go to the front, many of them did not return home. In 1942, the director of the Institute joined the Red Army. The activity of the employees during the war surprises with the grandiosity of research directions and achievements. The contribution of the Institute to the Great Victory is glorious. Today we remember with gratitude the feat of our colleagues and continue to work to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of our homeland.

Contribution:
Demina Yu.V. – responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript, approval of the manuscript final version;
Aksenova A.S. – collection of literature data, writing a text;
Alekseev M.A. – writing a text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 22, 2025 / Accepted: April 29, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025